314 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
river, where it is also found in the form of wood, gives somewhat con- 
clusive evidence of the wider range of distribution of some of our exist- 
ing species. This is wholly in accord with the general geological history 
of the genus, since it is found that under whatever specific name it 
may be recorded, it ranges from the Lower Cretaceous to the Eocene, 
a distribution which is not essentially affected by the fact that at least 
some of the species now assigned to the provisional genus Cupressin- 
oxylon, may more properly belong to Sequoia. At the same time, since 
C. macrocarpoides occurs in a well recognized Cretaceous deposit, as 
well as in those of the Kettle river, it is clear that it cannot be held 
to be representative in any exclusive sense, of any particular age, and 
all we can say of it at the present time is, that it ranges from the 
Upper Cretaceous upward. 
The genus Taxodium is a very cosmopolitan one, having a very 
wide range in geological time. Indeed, it may be said to exhibit an 
almost unbroken continuity of occurrence from the Kootanie and Poto- 
mac formations, through the Cretaceous to the Miocene Tertiary, and 
even to more recent deposits, where it connects directly with the existing 
species of Bald Cypress. The history of Taxodium distichum mio- 
cenum as originally defined by Heer, but as now commonly designated 
by the name Taxodium distichum, affords simply an instructive illus- 
tration of the relation of special types to particular horizons, a relation 
made all the more instructive because of the generally associated Taxo- 
dium occidentale and Glyptostrobus europæus. T. occidentale is a 
species of much more restricted distribution, but it is a well defined 
Tertiary type. 
Lesquereux (42: p. 223), Newberry (46: p. 22), and Dawson 
(10: p. 79) have all shown Taxodium distichum to be a constituent of 
both the Miocene and Eocene Floras; while the more recent determin- 
ations of Penhallow (1: pp. 7 and 8) have proved it to be a component 
of the Oligocene at Quilchena and Coutlee, British Columbia, and 
those of Knowlton (34: p. 27) that it is a feature of the Upper Miocene 
of the John Day Basin, Oregon. It is nevertheless true, as shown by 
Penhallow, that this species is also a well recognized feature of the 
Paskapoo series of the Red Deer river (1: pp. 9 and 51, p. 51), as well as 
cf the Lignite Tertiary of the Porcupine Creek and Great Valley Group 
in the western portions of Canada (52: p. 36). Recognizing the 
force of the generalization of Sir William Dawson (14: iv, 73) to 
the effect that the Miocene of Greenland, Spitzbergen and ‘Alaska, as 
formerly regarded by Heer, is in reality identical with the Fort Union 
of the United States, a view more recently stated and adopted by Knowl- 
