316 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
the chief means of recognizing several species. Fontaine’s Pinus leei 
from the Older Potomac of Virginia, as described by Ward (57: p. 
570), is thus distinguished, but it is to be observed that such 
remains become far more abundant and characteristic in the Ter- 
tiary, where they are not infrequently preserved in a very perfect 
manner. This is eminently true of P. baileyi, Gard., and P. 
plutonis, Gard., as recorded by Starkie Gardner from the Palady 
beds of Ireland; or P. macluri, Heer, as recorded by Heer (22: 
p. vil), from the Eocene of Greenland. The same is likewise true of 
several species which Knowlton records from the Laramie of the Yel- 
lowstone National Park (35), and of P. florissanti, Lesq., which Les- 
quereux described from the Green River Group (42: p. 138). Some 
of these cones show decided relations to existing species, which is also 
true of P. columbiana, but the latter cannot be compared with any of 
the other fossil cones now known, and it therefore stands wholly by 
itself. 
The general weight of evidence brought forward by the above 
analysis, would seem to indicate that while the genus Pinus may extend 
into the Cretaceous, it is essentially a Tertiary type, the chief aspecis 
of which are Eocene, and it is to this horizon that P. columbiana 
probably belongs. 
The genus Ulmus possesses peculiar significance in the present 
instance, not only because there are three well defined new species 
represented by their wood and one undefined species represented by a 
fragment of a leaf, but also because the genus as at present known, 
bears a definite relation to geological age. Ulmophyllum is a well 
recognized Cretaceous type which is chiefly found in the Potomac Form- 
ation, although it is also known to the Upper Cretaceous of Vancouver 
Island (5); but Ulmites and Ulmus are confined to the Tertiary, 
where they range from the Eocene to the Pleistocene, and become iden- 
tified with existing species. An inspection of present records shows 
that out of nineteen Tertiary species, twelve are of Eocene age, while 
only seven are of Eocene and Miocene age, and that out of these latter 
only five are strictly Miocene. From this we may draw the inference 
that the genus Ulmus is essentially an Eocene type, and our four, species 
from the Kettle river may also be interpreted in that sense. 
The poorly defined species of Betula from the Kettle river afford 
very little, if anything, in the way of a reliable basis for age determin- 
ations. While the genus Betulites is a well defined Cretaceous one, 
being especially characteristic of the Dakota Group, we. nevertheless 
also find Betula beatriciana, Lesq., in the same horizon (42: p. 36), 
