17 



generation, the sacking bands should be in position before the end of 

 July and never later than 2nd August, and a fresh lot of bands must 

 be ready to put on before the middle of September in order to catch 

 those of the second generation. At the end of September all the boxes 

 may be thoroughly cleaned and made ready to receive the bands which 

 should be taken down towards the end of October. The boxes with the 

 bands in them are kept covered and taken into the orchards about the 

 middle of March when the parasites are beginning to emerge ; the 

 adults of Cydia emerge a little later than the parasites. By this 

 method, systematically carried out by all growers in an orchard area, 

 and the regular and almost daily collection and burial of all fallen 

 fruit, it is believed that Cydia may be controlled and the orchard 

 yield verj^ greatly increased. 



Sarra (R.). Osservazioni biologiche sviW Anarsia limaleUa, Z., dan- 

 nosa al frutto del mandorlo. [Biological observations on Anarsia 

 lineafclla, Z., injurious to the almond.]— Boll Lab. Zool. Gen.. 

 Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric., Porlici, x, 6th July 1915, pp. 51-65,, 

 3 figs. [Received 5th November 1915.] 



Anarsia lineatella, Z. [peach twig-borer] has two generations in 

 Italy, the first appearing late in May, in June and in July, and the 

 second, early in September and in October. The average time required 

 for development from egg to adult is about 60 days. Besides almonds, 

 it attacks prunes, plums, apricots and peaches, and has also been 

 recorded in apples. In the second half of March and early in April, 

 the young almonds are attacked by the larvae of the first generation, 

 hatched from eggs deposited in the preceding autumn by second 

 generation adults. The larvae of the second generation hatch from 

 eggs deposited in June and July and feed on the soft part of the fruit ; 

 they are less destructive to almonds than the first generation. Among 

 the natural enemies of this pest are two Chalcids, Encyrtus variicornis, 

 Nees, and Elasmits fkibellatus, Fonsc. At Matera, two generations 

 of E. variicornis were observed ; the adults of the first appeared from 

 30th May to 22nd July and those of the second, from 6th September 

 to 9th October. On an average, 28 parasites hatch from one egg ; 

 these are either all males or all females. Of 357 larvae of A. lineatelki 

 examined in 1912, 1913 and 1914, about 33 per cent, were parasitised 

 by E. variicornis. The Proctotrupid, Parasierola gallicola, Kieffer, 

 is, next to E. variicornis, the most efficient parasite of A. lineatella. 

 There is one generation annually, which attacks the second generation 

 of the host, the first adults appearing at the beginning of September. 

 The Braconid, Apanteles xanthostigma, Hal., is another parasite of 

 A. lineatella. This has two generations annually ; in 1913, the first 

 appeared from 26th May to 1st Jmie and the second from 28th August 

 to 20th September. 



Natural control methods are recommended against A. lineatella. 

 Almond trees should not be planted in very stony ground or such as 

 is enclosed by pastures, walls, hedges, etc. When husking the almonds, 

 the chrysalids and larvae of the moth should be collected, together 

 with the cocoons of the parasites. The chrysalids must be destroyed, 



(C231) B 



