Various birds, lizards, toads and prairie-dogs feed on the insects. 

 The most important controlHng factor is the fly, Sarcophaga kellyi, Aid., 

 which deposits its minute maggots on the dorsum of the pronotum of 

 the freshly moulted nymphs ; from one nymph, 6 individuals of the 

 parasite were reared. Larviposition never takes place on a moving 

 nymph or flying adult, but generally, so far as could be observed, 

 after the nymphs had been rendered comatose by the sting of the 

 Sphegid wasp, Prionomjx atrafa, Lep. The larvae of S. kellyi pupate 

 from half an inch to 2 inches below the surface of the soil, but 

 probably those of the autumn, hibernating generation enter the 

 soil to a much greater depth. There are several generations in the 

 year and there were certainly two, if not three, from early in May 

 to the middle of July. The wasps w^ere always present in 

 large numbers among the hoppers, and though the females sting 

 several, it is only the last one which is carried off to the burrow and 

 the others never recover ; the hopper is very rarely able to resist the 

 attack, though it may attempt to do so. The mode of construction 

 of the burrows is described in detail and also the behaviour of a 

 Bembecid wasp, Megastizus unicinctus, Say, which robs Priotionyx of 

 its prey after it has been placed in the burrow ; the chief harm done 

 by this secondary parasite is the destruction of the eggs of Priononyx, 

 which is deliberate and effected by crushing between the mandibles. 



Among artificial methods of control, poisoned bran mash is 

 recommended, consisting of wheat bran 25 lb., Paris green 1 lb., 

 2 quarts cheap molasses and the juices of the finely ground skin and 

 pulp of 3 oranges or lemons ; this quantity will suffice for from 5 to 

 10 acres, if sown broadcast before dawn in strips 1 rod apart. The 

 results are very good, as many as 75 hoppers per square foot having 

 been counted after its use. Coarse, flaked bran and Paris green 

 containing not less than 55 per cent, of arsenic should be used ; 

 arsenate of lead should not be used. So far as the author's 

 observations go, the result is equally good whether oranges or 

 lemons be employed. Though no trials were made, as the nymphs 

 are voracious feeders on horse dung, Griddle mixture would probably 

 be equally effective. A list of 15 works bearing on the subject is 

 appended. 



Apples Affected with Woolly Aphis.— Gardeners'' Chronicle, London, 

 Iviii, no. 1509, 27th November 1915, p. 344. 



The transplanting of apple trees infested with woolly aphis [Eriosoma 

 lanigerum] is not recommended. Fumigation with cyanide does not 

 destroy the Aphids which shelter in crevices of the bark, nor does it 

 affect the eggs. The best method is to spray or paint the trees with 

 lime-wash, H cwt. to 100 gals. Avater. The lime should be slaked in 

 the orchard, a little at a time, and applied hot. This treatment should 

 kill adults and eggs. If any insects appear in spring or summer, the 

 colonies should be painted once a week with crude methylated spirit. 

 It is not advisable to dress the land ^with flowers of sulphur, as a heavy 

 dressing might injure young trees. 



