73 



grapes, Taxus and rhododendrons. It occurs in light sandy or clay 

 soils, in hot-houses and manure heaps. The most serious damage is 

 caused by the larvae. Normally, the mature larva hibernates and 

 pupates in the following spring, but young larvae may hibernate and 

 resume feeding in the spring. Adults emerge from the soil during 

 May, June and July and oviposit from June to August. The eggs are 

 laid in the ground. Larvae hatch in about two weeks, feed on roots 

 until winter, then hibernate and pupate in the soil during April and 

 May. Trapping the adults by means of bundles of moss, straw, etc., 

 placed on the ground in the evening, is the most effective control 

 method. 



Investigations in connection with non-migratory Aphids and the 

 spread of fire-blight showed that among Aphids on apple there is a 

 continual shifting, independent of enemies, and interrupted only by a 

 cool period. Fire blight is checked by a fall in temperature, but 

 during a favourable period, may be spread by Aphids and leaf-hoppers 

 of a shifting species. Aphids are not sedentary with reference to a 

 single shoot. Definite movements were observed which may help to 

 explain the activity of blight in trees that have been thoroughly 

 pruned. A study of fertile stem-mothers and autumn females shows 

 that some mothers may deposit young in a very small area, while 

 others may move for a considerable distance. These facts support 

 the view that Aphids are among the chief carriers of fire-blight. 



Observations made near Madison on the habits of the English 

 sparrow tend to strengthen the supposition that this bird is the chief 

 carrier of the San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] in closely settled, 

 residential districts. 



Felt (E. P.). Thirtieth Report of the State Entomologist, 1914.— 



New York State Museum, Albany, N.Y., Bull. no. 180, 1st January 

 1916, pp. 336, 101 figs., 19 plates. 



The year ending 30th September 1914 is covered by this report. 



Fruit-tree pests :■ — Malacosoma aniericana, F. (apple tent caterpillar) 

 was a general, and in some localities, a serious pest, but was scarce 

 in well- sprayed orchards. An outbreak of Erannis tiliaria, Harr. 

 (ten-lined inch worm) was reported as very destructive to both orchard 

 and woodland trees in Ulster county. It was associated with the 

 spring canlver worm, Palaeacrita vernata, in defoliating maple and elm 

 trees near the village of Greenwich. There was a considerable flight 

 of this moth in Albany on 21st October, in association with the cotton 

 moth, Alabama argiUacea, Hb., and it was probably equally abundant 

 at Kingston. Lead arsenate (4 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, of water) is an 

 efiicient spray. Adults of Xylina anlennata, Walk, (green fruit worm) 

 were received in March and April from Kingston and indications 

 pointed to a narrow escape from an outbreak upon soft maples com- 

 parable to that of 1898, or the more extended defoliation of 1911. 

 In the latter part of May, this pest was unusually abundant in apple 

 orchards and on three-year-old pear trees. Taeniothrips {Euthrips) 

 pyri, Dan. (pear thrips) was very injurious locally in the Hudson 

 valley. Seckle and Bartlett pears were badly injured, while Kiefers 

 were practically free from attack. It was stated that the cold weather 

 had checked growth and favoured the attacks of thrips. The control 

 previously advised [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 473] was successful. 



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