90 



the outbreak of which has already been described [see this Review, 

 Ser, A, iii, p. 741]. This pest has hitherto been regarded as only 

 of sporadic occurrence in Holland, but inquiry shows that it is far 

 more common than was supposed and that the damage done is 

 very serious. The cocoons of Incur varia ruhiella are stouter than 

 those of I. capitella and the caterpillars leave their winter quarters 

 much later. In 1915 they were found in large numbers in the 

 first week of April. The tops of the canes are chiefly attacked. 

 In 1911, at Zundert, the crop was reduced to one-third, and in other 

 years the loss has been still greater. The pest first makes its appearance 

 in plantations not less than three years old and never in those only 

 two years old, even when they adjoin older plantations. This is 

 probably due to the fact that the young canes are cut down to within 

 about 12 inches of the ground, and these bear few if any flowers for 

 the moths to oviposit in until the second year, when the real attack 

 takes place, the effect of which begins to be manifest in the third year. 

 A very prickly variety of raspberry called the " vroege bruine" (early 

 brown) was much less attacked than the other sorts, but no such 

 immunity was observed in the ordinary cultivated varieties. 



Various methods of control are discussed, none of which was 

 completely satisfactory. A thorough spraying with 8 per cent, 

 carbolineum, so that much of the liquid ran down the canes into the 

 soil, and lightly spraying the soil between the plants with the same 

 solution, were the most effective ; no harm resulted to the plants from 

 this heavy dressing. A table is given showing the results of various 

 methods of control and the weight of fruit obtained from four lots of 

 cane, 210 in each. The canes treated with carbohneum only gave the 

 greatest weight, 613 lb., the untreated series yielding only 532 lb., 

 which, considering the difficulty of controlling this pest, is regarded by 

 the author as a fairly satisfactory result. 



PoETEREN (N. van). De Verordeningen Nopens de Bestrijding van den 

 Knopworm en de Bessenspanrups in de Gemeenten Zwaag en 

 Blokker. [The regulations compelling the control of Incurvaria 

 capitella and Abraxas grossulariata in the communes of Zwaag 

 and Blokker.] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxi, 1915, 

 pp. 160-168. [Received 21st December 1915.] 



The carbolineum spray recommended against Incurvaria capitella 

 [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 643] has proved very satisfactory and 

 the yield has greatly increased on the sprayed bushes. 



As the fruit gardens in the Bangert district are practically con- 

 tinuous, combined action against insect pests is very important, and 

 the communal Council has issued an order of which the following are 

 the principal provisions : Every occupier of land on which red, white 

 or black currants or gooseberries are cultivated is required to notify 

 the burgomaster of the area under such cultivation before 1st November 

 in each year ; the carriage of any plants or parts of plants of the above 

 into or out of the district after 1st February, without permission of 

 the burgomaster, is forbidden ; any attempt to evade this regulation 

 to be punished by confiscation and destruction of the plants; the 

 authorities and the staff of the phytopathological service to have free 

 access to land under such cultivation at all times between sunrise and 



