97 



So far as can be determined, the insect breeds only on apple and pear. 

 It has been found on plum in the adult stage, but probably does not 

 lay eggs on this plant. The eggs are laid beneath the bark of the 

 twigs and begin to hatch a few days before the blossoms open. The 

 winged insects appear from 31 to 34 days after hatching. In feeding, 

 the young insects prefer the young leaves of apple and pear, but also 

 puncture the twigs. Later, they attack the blossoms and fruit 

 exclusively. Both adults and young are very active. Injury to twigs 

 results in the exudation of gum and the later development of a lump 

 at the point of puncture, accompanied in severe cases by a cracking 

 of the bark. The flowers usually dry up and fall to the ground. Injury 

 to fruit results in distortion and hinders development. Pears show 

 characteristic corky scars at the point of puncture. In plums, the 

 seat of injury is usually at the extremity of the fruit further from the 

 stalk and leads to the exudation of gum. Certain varieties of fruit are 

 more susceptible to attack than others, and there is a tendency in 

 an orchard for the insect to spread from the more susceptible to the 

 less susceptible varieties. The most suitable conditions for increase 

 are shady orchards with closely planted trees and a certain amount 

 of herbage on the ground. Experiments have shown that insects 

 which fall to the ground are capable of feeding and developing on 

 timothy, red clover, couch grass, dandelion, etc. Remedial measures 

 suggested are : — (1) spraying with Blackleaf 40, 1 pt. to 100 gals, 

 water, just before and after the blossoms fall, and again five days later ; 

 (2) banding the trees with tanglefoot; (3) clean cultivation; and 

 (4) thorough pruning and thinning out of trees. 



Gibson (A.). Common Vegetable Crop Insects and their Control. — 

 Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro, Ont., xxiii, no. 12, December 

 1915, pp. 271-272. 



Poisoned bran mash is recommended for use against cutworms, 

 20 lb. bran being enough for 3 acres. The bait should be scattered in 

 the early evening. The importance of keeping down weeds in which 

 the larvae may hibernate is emphasised. Experiments recently 

 conducted to find a spray to kill the onion maggot fly [Hylemyia 

 antiqun] showed that sodium arsenite, 5 grains in 1 gal. water, mixed 

 with 1 pt. molasses, is effective. Applications of white hellebore, 

 2 ozs. in 1 gal. water, pyrethrum powder or mixtures containing borax, 

 are also effective in destroying the eggs and young larvae. Land in 

 which white grubs [Lachnosterna] are present should be ploughed as 

 soon after the middle of July as is practicable. 



Caesar (L.). Poison Sprays and Poison Baits in their Relation to Bees. 



— Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro, Ont., xxiii, no. 12, December 

 1915, pp. 275 and 278, 1 fig. 



In the opinion of the author, nearly all the recorded cases of 

 poisoning of bees are due to the spraying of fruit trees with a poisonous 

 solution while they are in full bloom. Sweetened arsenical sprays 

 are used against two species of cherry fruit flies and against apple 

 maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella]. For the fruit flies, two applications are 



