99 



injured drop to the ground. The destructive power of the insect is 

 mainly directed to leaves which unfold with the bursting of the buds. 

 Hawthorns are subject to more severe attacks than cherries, and in 

 some seasons almost every leaf may be injured. 



Adults begin to appear when the first leaf-clusters are unfolding. 

 From puparia obtained from the soil beneath cherry trees on 18th 

 April, adults emerged between 28th April and 2nd May. The latest 

 date of emergence recorded in 1913 was 19th May. Pairing takes 

 place within 24 hours after emergence. In the orchard eggs were 

 observed on 7th May. The majority were found a short distance 

 from the base of the leaf, in contact with the lower epidermis, from 

 one to five eggs being found on a single leaf. During 1913, larvae were 

 first observed on 24th May. In the insectary the period of incubation 

 was 8 days, but under field conditions would probably be longer. When 

 mature, the larva emerges from the leaf through the upper epidermis, 

 and pupates in the soil. In 1912 about 50 per cent, of the larvae had 

 abandoned the mines by 10th June. The pupa begins to form in the 

 autumn and transformation is completed in the spring. 



The eggs of P. collaris are parasitised to a considerable degree by a 

 Chalcid, Tricliogramma minutnm, Riley. In 1915 parasitism ranged 

 from 40 to 90 per cent, on individual trees. On 2nd June 1915, the 

 parasites were all in the larval state ; on 5th June, about 50 per cent, 

 w^ere in the pupal stage ; on 9th June, the first adult appeared. An 

 Ichneumon, Pezoporus tenthredinarum, has also been reared from 

 P. collaris. 



The most effective method of control of this leaf-miner is the picking 

 of affected leaves, combined with the destruction of wild hawthorns 

 in the immediate vicinity of a cherry orchard. Since it is the normal 

 habit of the larvae of this sawfly to live in earth cells for the greater 

 portion of the life-cycle of the species, measures such as autumn or- 

 early spring ploughing or cultivation are recommended. For the 

 protection of decorative hawthorns, they should be sprayed with 

 nicotine solution, 1 pt. nicotine (40 per cent.) to 100 gals, water, to 

 which are added 4 lb. soap. The liquid should be applied when the 

 insects first begin to mine the leaves. 



de JoANNis (J.). Observations sur le Carpocapsa des ch&taignes 



(Lep.). [Observations on the Carpocapsa of chestnuts.] — Bull. Soc. 



Eniom. France, Paris, no. 17, 10th November 1915, pp. 271-276, 



1 fig. [Received 3rd January 1916.] 

 Early in October 1914, chestnuts were found to be infested with 

 what is believed to be Cydia {Carpocapsa) splendana, Hb. Infestation 

 is characterised by deformation of the nuts. Adults emerged in July 

 from chestnuts collected in the previous October. 



Paoli (G.). Contribute alia conoscenza delle Cocciniglie della 



Sardegna. [A contribution to the knowledge of Sardinian 



Coccids.]— Separate, dated 30th November 1915, from Redia, 



Florence, xi, pp. 239-268, 23 figs. 



This paper records 47 species of Coccids from Sardinia, of which 



two are described as new, viz : — Micrococcus ovifoimis from the nests 



of Messor barbarus, L., and Eulecanium {Lecanium) ficinum on the 



bark of Ficus carica. 



