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Back (E. A.) & Pemberton (C. E.). Effect of Cold-Storage Tempera- 

 tures upon the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. — Jl. Agric. Research, 

 Washington, B.C., v, no. 15, lOth January 1916, pp. 657-666. 

 Since the introduction of Cemtitis cojniafa, Wiecl. (Mediterranean, 

 fruit fly) into the HaAvaiian Islands and the subsequent quarantine 

 measures against Hawaiian fruits, the fruit-grower in the islands has 

 been compelled to devise methods of using his fruit to advantage at 

 home. There are many host-fruits, such as Persea graiissima (avocado), 

 certain varieties of Mangifera indica (mango) and Chrgsophylluni 

 cainito (star-apple), which, while often becoming too badly infested 

 to be of use if left to ripen normally upon the tree, become infested so 

 late in their development that they may be preserved for commercial 

 purposes if they respond favourably to cold storage, and if such cold 

 storage kills whatever stages of the fruit fly may be present in the 

 fruit when picked. Primarily undertaken to aid the local horticul- 

 turists, the experimental work reported in this paper has yielded 

 results which may be of great commercial importance in defining the 

 conditions under which cold-storage temperatures will kill the fruit 

 fly in stored fruits, thus rendering them free from danger as trans- 

 porters of this pest from one country to another or even from one 

 infested district to another. A historical review of the use of cold- 

 storage temperatures in economic entomology is given, together w^ith 

 a description of the methods adopted in the present experiments, 

 the results of which are tabulated and discussed in detail. They show 

 that no eggs or larvae of C. capitata survived refrigeration at 40° to 

 45° F. for seven weeks, at 33° to 40° for three weeks, or at 32° to 33° 

 for two weeks. These facts may lead to a modification of existing 

 quarantines and encourage the refrigeration of fruit subject to fruit fly 

 attack. It seems reasonable to conclude that sooner or later the 

 certification of properly refrigerated fruit will be practicable. A 

 bibliography of seven works is appended to this paper. 



Fink (D. E.). Control of Injurious Aphides by Ladybirds in Tidewater, 

 Virginia. — Virginia Truck Expt. Sta., Norfolk, Bull. no. 15, 

 1st April 1915, 16 pp., 4 figs., 2 charts. [Received 10th February 

 1916.] 

 The introduction and colonisation of the Coccinellid, Hippodamia 

 convergens, Guer., was undertaken in Tidewater, Virginia, primarily 

 to aid in controlling Myzus jjersicae, Sulz. (spinach aphis). H. con- 

 vergens is also a natural enemy of other Aphids, of which the following 

 occur in this region : Aphis brassicae, L. (cabbage aphis), A. rumicis 

 (bean aphis), Acyrthosiphon {Macrosiphum) pisi, Kalt. (pea aphis) 

 and M. solanifoUi, Ashm. (potato aphis). This bulletin deals with 

 the use of Coccinellids in this method of control, in which Megilla 

 maculata (spotted ladybird) was also employed. There are five 

 generations of the ladybirds in Tidewater, Virginia, During July 

 and August they are partly inactive. H. convergens prefers smaller, 

 soft-bodied Aphids, while M. maculata is less discriminating. The 

 latter is the first to hibernate, usually about mid-November ; H. con- 

 vergens during mild winters may continue to feed as late as Christmas, 

 and may be observed during the winter months. Coccinellids are 

 valuable as checks to sporadic outbreaks of Aphids and no further 

 trouble has been reported where they have been colonised. 



