141 

 ScHREiNER (J. F.). SmviHflfl nflABHima u cnocoSbi en yHnmoweHin. 



[Cheiniatobia brumata L. and its control.] — «Tpyflbl Bfopo no 



3HTOMOJioriii VseHaro KoMMTeTa MiiHUCTepcTBa 3eMneAtjiifl.» 



[Memoirs of the Bureau of Entomology of Ihe Scientific Committee 

 of the Ministry of Agricullure'], Petrograd, 1916, vi, no. 2. Third 

 enlarged and revised edition, 19 pp., 6 figs. 



Cheimatohia brumata is found all over European Russia from Abo 

 in Finland to the Black Sea. In Petrograd and the Baltic provinces 

 the adults appear about the end of September and first half of October, 

 in Central Russia at the end of October, and in the Crimea at the end of 

 November ; the males appear three or four days before the females. 

 In great cold some of the pupae remain over the winter and produce 

 adults the following spring. The eggs are deposited singly, rarely in 

 masses, on branches of apple, pear, cherry, quince and other fruit trees, 

 also on oak, which is specially preferred, lime, nut, hornbeam, etc. The 

 eggs hibernate and the caterpillars emerge when the buds begin to 

 unfold. This moth has been recorded as a pest in Russia since the 

 forties of last century, when it injured orchards and forests in the 

 Baltic Provinces. The damage done is very serious, and repeated 

 outbreaks in one orchard Aveaken and exhaust the trees and may 

 cause their death. 



The author observed in 1906 in the government of Petrograd a 

 number of Dipterous and Hymenopterous parasites of the imago, 

 which were not identified ; the pupae are attacked by the Tachinid, 

 Lypha dubia, Fall., and by two Ichneumonids ; the caterpillars are 

 parasitised by one Braconid and two species of Proctotrupids, and the 

 eggs by another Proctotrupid, identified by Howard as Telenomus 

 nitidulus, Thoms. 



The control of this pest is now fairly widely undertaken and consists 

 of placing adhesive belts round the trunks of trees in autumn, so as to 

 catch the crawling females ; the best substance for this purpose is 

 tanglefoot, but home-made adhesive s, consisting either of 2 parts of 

 resin and 1 part of wood oil, or of 4 parts of resin, 4 parts of silver fir 

 pitch, 3 parts of crude linseed oil and 3 parts of vaseline, may be used wth 

 advantage. These home-made preparations lose their adhesive pro- 

 perties after some days and must be renewed, and the latter one must 

 be applied to the tree in a hot state by means of a brush. The females, 

 not being able to pass over the belts, frequently deposit enormous 

 quantities of eggs below them on the trunk or on the belts themselves ; 

 these can be destroyed by spraying with copper sulphate (3 lb. of 

 sulphate and | lb. of rye meal paste in about 5 gallons of water). 

 Spraying in spring against the caterpillars may be carried out with 

 Paris green (about 2 oz. of green, 4 oz. of freshly slaked lime, and 1 lb. 

 of rye meal paste, in about 12 gallons of water), lime arsenite (1 lb. of 

 white arsenic, 2 lb. of soda and 3 or 4 lb. of quick lime in from 190 to 

 210 gallons of water), Urania green or lead arsenate. Deep cultivation 

 of the soil, to prevent the emerging adults from reaching the surface, 

 is also advised. 



