177 



ciliardhina on olives. From Hawaii : Chrysomphalus awrantii on 

 orchids, Trypetid larvae in red peppers, Pseudococcus bromeliae and 

 Diasfis bromeliae on pine-apples, Coccus longulus on betel leaves, 

 Hemichionaspis sp. on air plant, Lecanium sp,. Pseudaonidia sp. and 

 Asjridiotus sp. on unknown plants. From Holland : Lepidosaphes 

 nlmi on boxwoods. From Japan : Weevil larvae in chestnuts, 

 Parlatoria sp. and He?nichionaspis aspidistrae on maples, Calandra 

 sp. in wheat, Aleurodes sp. on gardenias ; Chionaspis citri, Aspidiotus sp., 

 Chrysomphalus aurantii, Pseudococcus nipae, Parlatoria sp., Lepido- 

 saphes gloveri, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Cladosporium citri and 

 Leptothyrium pomi on oTSinges. From the Philippine Islands : Pseudo- 

 coccus sp. on pot plants. From Samoa : Morganella maskelli on 

 oranges. From Australia : Chrysomphalus aurantii on Kentia palm. 

 From Tahiti : Morganella maskelli on limes. From Florida : 

 Phomopsis citri on grape-fruit. From Nevada : Heterodera radicicola 

 in potatoes. From Oregon : Coccus hesperidum on holly, Aspidiotus 

 perniciosus on rose. From Texas : Aleurodes sp. on Cape jessamine. 

 From Louisiana : Chrysomphalus sp. on grape-fruit. 



Brittain (W. H.) & GooDERHAM (C. B.). All Insect Enemy of the 

 Parsnip. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlviii, no. 2, 

 February 1916, pp. 37-41, 1 fig., 1 plate. 



Depressaria heracleana, de G. (parsnip webworm) has been recorded 

 from Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Finland, France, Eastern 

 United States and Canada. In Nova Scotia, Heracleum lanalum (cow 

 parsnip) is the common food-plant ; Paslinaca sativa (cultivated 

 parsnip) is usually attacked when grown for seed, while Daucus carota 

 is also injured. In Europe, H. spondylium and H. sibericum may also 

 serve as host plants. During 1915, serious damage was caused to 

 parsnips grown for seed at Truro, Nova Scotia. The eggs were first 

 observed on 18th June, and were deposited singly on leaves, stems and 

 sheaths surrounding the flower heads. The duration of the egg-stage 

 is about seven days. The larvae, upon hatching, bore into the young 

 flower buds which are bound together by a silk web and form the food 

 of the developing larva. After about four weeks, the larvae crawl 

 down the stem as far as the axil of a leaf, at which point they bore into 

 the hollow stem. Pupation takes place a few days later. Adults 

 emerge during the latter half of August, and hibernate under the bark 

 of trees or in other sheltered positions. At Truro a number of 

 Hymenopterous parasites have been reared from D. heracleana. 

 The pupae are destroyed by earwigs and by Picus viUosus (hairy 

 woodpecker). In Europe, the following Ichneumonid parasites have 

 -been reared : — Cryptus Jlagitator, Pimpla heraclei, Hoplismenus 

 dimidiatus, C. profligator, and Ophion vidnerator. No very eSicient 

 remedy is known. Spraying with lead arsenate or Paris green just 

 as the larvae are hatching has little effect. Dusting with Paris green 

 or air-slaked lime, when the umbels are open, gives better results. The 

 removal of all infested seed heads is not advocated, as it would mean 

 the total destruction of the crop and the effect would not be permanent 

 if wild host plants were abundant. As a rule the latter are too 

 numerous to be completely eradicated. 



