191 



seven weeks later. The second spray in northern Ohio came between 

 3rd and 12th August, and was applied preferably by the trailer method. 

 The June spraying required from 100 to 120 gals, per acre, the August 

 spray 160 gals, per acre, applied by hand, and containing the larger 

 quantity of lead arsenate. The total weight of the crop from well- 

 sprayed vines was from two to five times greater than that from 

 unsprayed plants. 



In the discussion which followed, the author said that there were 

 two broods annually. Hatching was distributed over a period of 

 four or five weeks ; in northern Ohio, most of the first brood moths 

 emerged from the 5th to r2th August, from 90 to 95 per cent, appearing 

 in between seven and nine days. A thorough hand spraying at this 

 time poisoned most of the larvae soon after hatching. 



Felt (E. P.). Climate and Variations in the Habits of the Codling 

 Moth. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, ix, no. 1, February 1916, 

 pp. 107-110. 

 The habits and type of injury caused by the codling moth [Cydia 

 pomonella] in New York State are influenced to a considerable extent 

 by chmatic conditions. During 1915, 20 per cent, or more of the crop 

 suffered from what is called " side injury," a reddish-brown dis- 

 coloration marked by a central puncture. This type of injury is due 

 to larvae hatching from eggs deposited in June or early July, after 

 the fruit has attained a considerable size. The larvae eat a shallow 

 circular gallery immediately beneath the skin, but in many cases 

 desert this point and migrate to the blossom end of the fruit. Side 

 injury in 1915 was more prevalent in the west, near Lake Ontario, 

 than in other parts of the State, and was probably common in other 

 localities where a large body of water prevented a marked rise of 

 evening temperatures in the spring. Eggs are rarely deposited when 

 the evening temperature falls below 60° F. Records from inland 

 districts removed from the influence of water have shown that at 

 temperatures above 60° F. egg-laying proceeds normally and in such 

 localities there is little side injury. Ordinary applications of arsenical 

 poisons cannot be relied on to destroy larvae hatching from late 

 deposited eggs before they have injured the fruit to some extent. 

 Side injury must be controlled to a considerable extent during the 

 preceding year by applying arsenical sprays. 



BiLsiNG (S. W.). Life-History of the Pecan Twig Girdler.— JL Econ. 

 Entom., Concord, ix, no. 1, February 1916, pp. 110-115. 

 Oncideres texana may cause serious damage to pecan trees, the 

 cultivation of which has become an important industry in Texas, by 

 the girdling of the branches for the purpose of egg-laying. This 

 beetle has also been found on persimmon, elm, hickory, maple, pear, 

 peach, etc. Oviposition begins after the twig has been girdled ; 

 the central portion is generally left intact, but the weight of the branch 

 is often sufficient to cause it to break off. Eggs are laid singly, or 

 rarely in groups of three or four, at the base of the leaf buds, in an 

 incision made in the bark. During the oviposition period, both male 

 and female feed on the soft wood at the base of the leaf buds at the 

 extremity of the branch. When nurseries are adjacent to forests, 



