192 



severe damage is often caused by migration of the adults from the 

 surrounding trees. Females emerge from 25th August until the 

 beginning of October. Oviposition begins from 12 to 29 days later, 

 and may continue until December. About 175 eggs are deposited 

 on an average by each female. The larva, which hatches in from 

 17 to 30 days, hollows out a cavity in the branch and feeds throughout 

 the winter. The larval stage lasts from 288 to 328 days. Pupation 

 occurs late in August or early in September, and the pupal stage, 

 lasting for 12 or 14 days, is passed in the pupal burrow. 



The method of control by gathering fallen twigs and burning them 

 in order to kill the larvae is practicable only where a pecan orchard 

 is not situated near other trees. Experiments with lead arsenate 

 proved effective in preventing migration to the pecan trees. 



In the discussion following, it was stated that the female usually 

 oviposits in the main twigs, the girdles being cut at a distance of about 

 2 feet from the trunks of the smaller trees. In breeding experiments, 

 moisture proved to be an important factor. A small number of larvae 

 survived in branches which remained on the ground. Beetles were 

 not observed girdling branches which sloped downwards. A con- 

 siderable percentage of adults were parasitised by a Tachinid fly. 



AiNSLiE (G. G.). Notes on Crambids. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, ix, 

 no. 1, February 1916, pp. 115-119. 

 More than 100 species of Crambid moths have been recorded from 

 North America, where they cause widespread damage every year. 

 In most cases the food consists of meadow or pasture grass, but 13 

 species are known to injure field crops. These include : — Chilo 

 plejadellus (rice stalk-borer), Diatraea saccharalis (sugar-cane borer), 

 D. zeacolella (corn stalk-borer), Crambus caliginosellus, C. zeellus, and 

 C. luteolellus (corn and tobacco webworms), C. hortuellus (cranberry 

 girdler), C. rmitahilis (striped webworm), C. teterrellus (bluegrass worm), 

 C. vulgivagellus and C. trisectus. Breeding experiments on various 

 species were begun in the autumn of 1914. Most of the larvae made 

 shelters of silk and grass, but could be easily driven from these for 

 purposes of examination. A number of species were reared from egg 

 to adult stage. The newly- hatched larvae of C. caliginosellus, C. zeellus, 

 C luteolellus, C. elegans, C. alboclavellus and C. laqueatellus apparently 

 ^required some special condition, since they refused to feed on any 

 jnaterial supplied, whereas older larvae taken in the field and placed 

 in the rearing boxes fed readily on maize. The newly-hatched larvae 

 »of Acrolophus (Anaphora) popeanellus fed on partially decayed leaves, 

 but later on preferred fresh food. Some species, including C. mutabilis, 

 "C. teterrellus, C. 'praefectellus and C. trisectus, remained active as long 

 :as the weather was favourable, and pupated when mature, there being 

 several generations during the year. Others, such as C. hortuellus, 

 C vulgivagellus, C. ruricolellus and probably C. laqueatellus, had one 

 generation, the full-grown larvae remaining in the pupal cell some 

 months before pupating. In the discussion following the paper, it 

 was stated that injury by certain species had occurred in New York, 

 Ohio and Iowa. In Ohio, the larvae of C. trisectus were best 

 controlled by the use of tobacco dust. Id Iowa, a difference of ten 

 days in ploughing determined whether maize grown on previously 

 infested grass land was destroyed or not. 



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