197 



April, produce young in about two weeks. Winged migrants are 

 abundant by 15th June, continue to increase until 1st July, then 

 decrease and finally disappear by 15th August. The migrants settle 

 on small self-grown grain or grass plants, where they feed until the 

 new crop of autumn wheat is sufficiently developed. Sexual forms 

 appear about 15th October, and egg-laying continues until late in 

 November. The most efficient method of control is the clean culti- 

 vation of summer-fallowed wheat land. In Montana it is usual to 

 plough such land in spring and to follow ploughing by a number of 

 diskings to destroy vegetation. Frequent diskings are not desirable 

 in the most heavily infested districts of Montana, because of the 

 pulverisation of the soil and subsequent drifting. A hand hoe is used 

 by some growers to destroy plants which have escaped the first diskings. 

 Late ploughing is recommended in districts where the Aphid is 

 abundant. Injury is also reduced by allowing sheep to graze over 

 summer-fallowed land. Infested fields may be sown with oats, a crop 

 which is never attacked by this Aphid. 



McCray (A. H.). Some Difficulties in Gross Diagnosis of the Infectious 

 Brood Diseases of Bees.^ — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, ix, no. 1, 

 February 1916, pp. 192-196. 



The diagnosis of brood diseases in bees is based almost exclusively 

 on the examination of dead larvae. The appearances resulting from 

 each of the three known infectious brood diseases may vary con- 

 siderably in difierent cases ; hence rough diagnosis is sometimes 

 impossible and must be supplemented by microscopical examination. 

 Odour is of value only in American foulbrood, and then in certain cases 

 may be slight or even absent. Colouration is not constant in either 

 American or European foulbrood ; where young larvae are afiected, 

 the colour of the American type is closely similar to that of the European 

 form. The consistency of the broken down larval mass is one of the 

 most constant factors, but this also is subject to variations. The 

 scales of affected larvae are so characteristic in the case of American 

 foulbrood that a positive diagnosis of the disease in this stage can 

 almost invariably be made ; this, however, is not possible in the case 

 of the European foulbrood. Sacbrood should be readily diagnosed 

 from the distended condition and watery content of the larva. 



Pettit (M.). Outline of Apiary Inspection in Ontario. — Jl. Econ. 

 Entom., Concord, ix, no. 1, February 1916, pp. 196-199. 



Beekeepers are required to report the existence of foulbrood to the 

 Minister of Agriculture. Inspection begins about 24th May and is 

 continued as long as possible. With American foulbrood, the district 

 is worked over thoroughly, but with European foulbrood, the ground 

 is seldom covered a second time. In Jime 1915 visits were made to 

 391 apiaries in the European foulbrood districts, and in these 1,387 

 out of 5, 367 colonies were diseased. In the American foulbrood districts 

 921 out of 10,825 colonies were affected. 



