214 



experiments, which were started in 1912 and continued in 1913 and 

 1914, it is asserted that the best remedy against the eggs of Psylla is 

 to spray with copper sulphate in spring, in cahn weather, shortly before 

 the larvae begin to emerge, and to repeat this after a short interval ; 

 the spraying is more effective if flour paste is added [see this Revietv, 

 Ser. A, ii, p. 367]. 



K.vzAj^sKY (A, N.). flS/ioHOBbiM UBtTotAi) HHM flSnoHOBbiM flonro- 

 HOCHKli. [Anthonomus pomonim, L.] — « Wlaiepiajibi no MSyHeHilO 

 epeflHblXTj HaC"feKOMblX"b MoCKOBCKOM ry6epHiM.» [Materials for 

 the study of insect pests of the govt, of Moscow], Moscow, vi, 1915, 

 pp. 55-156. [Received 10th April 1916.] 



A general review of the life-history of A. pomorum is given, showing 

 that it occurs as an imago for 11 months of the year, one month being 

 required for the attainment of that stage from the egg. The adults 

 are not injurious to any noticeable degree. A series of investigations 

 showed that the weevils hibernate in a great variety of places, especially 

 on the surface of the earth, in similar situations as many other species 

 of Anthonomus; such as, A. rectirostris, L., in dry leaves underneath 

 bird cherries ; A. pedicularius, L., underneath service trees; A. rubi, 

 Hbst., underneath raspberries; and A. varians, Payk., in the needles 

 under pine trees, etc. Other insects wintering in these situations 

 included : — Adalia [Coccinella) bipunctata, L., Anthocoris neynorum, L., 

 and Sciaphilus asperatus, Bonsd., the last-named beetle having been 

 observed to injure leaves of raspberries. As the insects also winter 

 underneath the bark of any available trees, it is asserted that the 

 cleaning of the bark and liming of apple trees, usually recommended as 

 a remedy against A. pomorum, does not deprive them of a wintering 

 place, and if nothing else is done, these measures are of little practical 

 value. Adhesive belts in spring at the best delay the weevils for some 

 time from reaching the buds. In autumn the belts are more effective, 

 as the insect is then in search of a protected place for hibernation ; 

 but every tree in the orchard must be banded, and this measure 

 supplemented by shaking down the weevils on to sheets. This is 

 regarded as the best and principal remedy and must be done in calm, 

 warm weather in the middle of the day. When apple blossoms are 

 not available, pear blossom is attacked ; in the laboratory the insects 

 also fed on buds of medlar and service trees, and to a less extent on 

 bird-cherry, but refused cherries. Oviposition, the method of which 

 is described in detail, is usually effected in half-matured, unopened 

 buds, and it appears that in some years the maturing of the females 

 may not coincide precisely with that period in the development of the 

 buds. This was the case in 1914, when the females were very late in 

 ovipositing, the majority of buds being nearly in flower and so friable 

 that oviposition could not be effected in them. Only late flowering 

 varieties of apple, and those of which the normal blossoming was 

 delayed, therefore suffered. Spraying with pure milk of lime proved 

 useful in keeping the weevils away during the oviposition period, but 

 repeated and late sprayings affect the yield of the trees. 



Natural enemies of A. pomorum include : — the bug, Anthocoris 

 nemorum, both the larva and imago of which prey on the weevil larvae 

 and pupae, and Bijturus tomentosus, F., and Meligethes sp., which 



