275 



In the spraying erperiments lime- sulphur, testing 32" Be., was used 

 in the proportion of 1 gal. to 8 gals, water and to every 100 gals, of 

 dilute mixture was added f pt. nicotine solution. The spray was 

 applied to three plots on 24th, 26th, and 27th April respectively, 

 apphcations being made at high pressure. Ten gallons were used for 

 each tree. The results showed that newly-hatched Aphids were 

 readily destroyed, especially in the case of A. avenae, and thus a con- 

 siderable degree of protection was afforded to the fruit and foUage. 

 A sHght scorching of the leaves followed the application of Hme- 

 sulphur and nicotine and crude carbohc acid emulsion sprays, but this 

 was soon obscured by growth. Soap and nicotine solution, in the 

 proportion of 5 lb. soap, f pt. nicotine solution (40 per cent.) and 

 100 U.S. gals, water, was the only combination that did not injure the 

 fohage at all. Sodium sulphide and soap caused serious damage to 

 both flowers and leaves. 



Spraying against A. pomi was performed first on 20th April when 

 the buds were well infested. An application of lime-sulphur and 

 nicotine on this date kept the trees free from insects until 22nd June. 

 Spraying was repeated on 22nd June, 10th July and 2nd August, on 

 account of reinfestation by winged forms. As a result there was httle 

 evidence of discoloration and curUng of the leaves, and the growth of 

 the trees appeared to be normal. Nicotine and soap were found to 

 possess a higher rate of toxicity and spreading and wetting properties 

 superior to that of other preparations. A mixture of lime and nicotine 

 used in the later sprayings was found to retain its toxicity longer than 

 other insecticides and acted as a repellent against the pear psylla 

 [Psylla pyri], leaf-hoppers and Aphids. Auxiliary tests carried out 

 in Niagara and Orleans counties proved the advantages to be derived 

 from spraying while the buds were expanding. Spraying at the end 

 of May or early in June may have the effect of injuring fruit and leaf- 

 clusters while the Aphids are then protected by the curled leaves. 



Whitney (L. A). The Yellow Currant and Gooseberry Fruit-Fly 



{Epochra canadensis, Loew) . — Mthly. Bull. Cat. Slate Commiss. 

 Hofiic, Sacramsnto, v, no. 4, April 1916, pp. 152-157, 5 figs. 



Epochra canadensis is generally distributed throughout the currant 

 and gooseberry growing districts of the United States and Canada ; 

 in Cahfornia it is apparently confined to the central and northern parts 

 of the State. The eggs are deposited in the fruit, beyond the reach of 

 arsenic als and poisons. The larval stage is passed within the berry. 

 When the larva is mature, the fruit usually drops to the ground, and 

 the larva enters the soil to a depth of one inch to pupate. There is one 

 generation annually. The puparium may be found during autumn 

 and winter in the soil near infested plants. Under laboratory con- 

 ditions adults emerged from 23rd February to 11th March. The only 

 possible method of control would be one similar to that used against 

 apple and cherry fruit-flies, i.e., the use of a sweet, poisoned spray 

 against the adults before oviposition. 



