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In the neighbourhood of Washington, D.C., there are two generations 

 annually ; in the south, three or four broods occur each year, the last 

 generation wintering in the ground in the pupal stage, while moths 

 emerge in the following March. In Florida the complete life-cycle is 

 passed through in about six weeks. C. catalpae is attacked by several 

 parasites, such as Afcmteles congregatus, Say, which is common in the 

 eastern States, but is itself attacked by Mesochorus aprilinus, Ashm., 

 and Hemiteles tnesochoridis, Riley. Microplitis (Apanteles) catalpae, 

 Riley, another parasite of C. catalpae, is parasitised by Hypopteromalus 

 tabacam, Fitch, and Horismenus {Holcopelte) microgastri, Ashm. The 

 larva of C. catalpae, is also attacked by the Tachinids, Phorocera clari- 

 pennis, Macq., and Frontina frenchii, Will. Cuckoos, the catbird and 

 the Baltimore oriole are predaceous on the larva. The methods for 

 controlhng C. catalpae include handpicking, spraying with arsenicals 

 and the destruction of pupae. The arsenicals generally used are lead 

 arsenate and Paris green, allowing 3 lb. of the former or 1 lb. of the 

 latter to 50 gals, water. The arsenicals may with advantage be apphed 

 in combination with Bordeaux mixture for the control of leaf spot 

 disease. In the autumn following a severe attack, the soil around the 

 base of the trees should be thoroughly dug up in order to destroy the 

 pupae. Larvae of the last generation are usually heavily parasitised ; 

 they should therefore be collected and placed in boxes covered with 

 wire netting through which the parasites can escape. 



Howard (L. 0.) & Chittenden (F. H.). The Leopard Moth : a 

 dangerous imported Insect Enemy of Shade Trees. — U.S. Dejjt. 

 Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 708, 14th February 

 1916, 12 pp., 4 figs. [Received 17th May 1916.] 

 Zeuzera pyrina, F. (leopard moth) occurs in the Old World in central 

 and southern Europe, southern Sweden, south-western Africa, Algeria, 

 liorthern Morocco and the western part of Asia Minor. It has been 

 introduced in the United States within recent years and is at present 

 distributed along the Atlantic coast from eastern Massachusetts to 

 southern New Jersey and in the Hudson River Valley. The larvae 

 cause injury to shade trees and ornamental plants and sometimes to 

 orchards by boring in the wood, thus weakening and sometimes kilHng 

 the trees. In America adults emerge from May until late in September. 

 The power of flight possessed by the female is very limited. Eggp are 

 deposited in groups of three or four in crevices of the bark ; about 

 800 may be laid by a single female. The larvae, which hatch in about 

 10 days, bore into the pith of twigs or into the heartwood of larger 

 branches. Maturity is reached two years after hatching. Pupation 

 begins during May and this stage is passed within the burrow. The 

 presence of the borer is indicated by an accumulation of excrement and 

 frass at the entrance of the burrow. 



In Europe the following Hymenopterous parasites have been reared 

 from Z. 2^?/nna : — Schremeria zeuzerae, Ashm., Microgaster sp., a 

 Proctotrupid, and an indeterminate Chalcidid, perhaps Litomastix 

 (Copidosovia) trimcatellum, Dalm. In America no parasites are known, 

 but predaceous enemies include woodpeckers, sparrows, bats and 

 squirrels. The most suitable method of control is the injection of 

 Carbon bisulphide into the burrows ; the aperture should be afterwards 

 closed with wax. The adults are attracted to a certain extent by 

 lights and this method can therefore be used in addition. 

 (C275) o 



