293 



After some papers on the fungus and bacterial disease of clover, 

 the following on the insect pests of this crop were read and discussed 

 at the conference : — • 



SopoTZKo (A. A.). BpeAMTenn Kneeepa btj TynbCKoii rySepHiw bt* 

 1910-14 r.r. [Pests of clover in the govt, of Tula during 191(>-14.] 

 — «TpyABi coBtiuaHifl no BpeAHTennMii Knesepa cpeflHe-pyccKaro 



paiOHa.» [Proceedings of the Conference on pests of clover in 

 Central Russia.] Published by the Entomological Station of the 

 Zemstvo of the govt, of Tula, Tula, 1916, pp. 115-145. 



The most serious pests of clover are those which attack the seeds. 

 During 1910-1913, species of Apion were principally responsible for 

 the bad harvest. This paper details the author's observations as to 

 these pests since 1911, including matter already contained in previous 

 reports [see this Review, Series A, i, p. 483, A, iii, p. 634 and A, iv, 

 p. 167]. These weevils, which winter as adults, feed during the whole of 

 their life on leaves of clover, though the direct damage done to the 

 foliage in this way is not great. The Ufe-history of Apion is closely 

 adapted to the pecuharities of the growth of clover, which is con- 

 tinually forming new heads throughout the whole summer, and therefore 

 oviposition can proceed continuously, but as at any given moment there 

 is only a limited number of heads suitable for oviposition, each female 

 lays only one egg at a time. Amongst the remedies suggested is the 

 cutting of clover in the middle of June. This crop should be kept for 

 seed, and not the second or aftermath as stated in a former paper [see 

 this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 483]. Other remedies include the destruction 

 of the larvae and pupae by stacking the clover hay before it is dry and 

 thus causing heating, and the disinfection of the hay in pits with carbon 

 bisulphide, as recommended by Portchinsky. No remedy, however, 

 will give complete results, unless accompanied by the control of the 

 insects on wild clover, which must be repeatedly mown while in flower 

 and the cut material destroyed, or sprayed with Paris green. Other 

 pests of clover include a species of Hypera (Phytonomus), the larvae of 

 which hve inside the clover heads, injuring the ovaries and devouring 

 the flowers. The adults appear somewhat later than those of Apion 

 and feed on the leaves in which they eat larger holes. The larvae 

 pupate in the corolla, the pupal stage lasting seven days. A com- 

 parative table showing the degree of infestation of clover by Hypera 

 and Apion is given, showing that the latter is much more prevalent. 

 The caterpillars of Cydia (Laspeyresia) compositella, L., were also foiind 

 on clover heads, mining the base of the flowers ; in 1912 they were 

 more numerous in the second half of the summer. The insect winters 

 in the pupal stage and there are two generations, the adults being on 

 the wing in May and again in July. The larvae of Perrisia (Cecidomyia) 

 trifolii, L., are also sometimes found in the heads of clover, but in small 

 numbers ; two generations occur, the flies being on the wing after 

 the end of May and again after the middle of July ; the nature of the 

 damage done by this pest is uncertain. Sitones lineatiis, L., 

 S.flavescens, Marsh., S. pimcticollis, Steph., S. hisjndulus, F., S. crinitus, 

 01., and allied species, though mostly found on vetches, also injure 

 clover. The caterpillars of Polia {Maynestra) ])isi, L., were found in 

 1912 in great numbers on one estate injuring leaves of clover ; about 

 90 per cent, of them perished in August from flacherie. Larvae of 



