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mistriaca, one being a green Muscardine which he first named Entomo- 

 phthora anisopliae and then Isaria destructor and which Vuillemin later 

 placed in the genus Penicillium. Shortly afterwards the same species 

 was fomid to infest the beetroot pest, Bothynoderes (Cleonus) pundi- 

 ventris. The history of the study of fungi infesting Locusta migratoria 

 is dealt with at length. Brongniart's fungus, called Botrytis acridiorum 

 by Trabut and probably identical with that of Klinckel d'Herculais 

 which Giard called Lachnidium acridiorum, was said by him to cause 

 epidemics in Algeria. The evidence as to the efficacy of this fungus and 

 also of Em2msa grylli in South Africa and elsewhere, is conflicting and 

 probably much depends on the atmospheric conditions. In 1893 

 Giard studied Isaria densa, the Muscardine infesting the larvae of 

 Melolontha ynelolontha and he also found this species to be virulent to 

 the larvae of Tenehrio molitor, Anomala frischii and Polyphyllafullo, and 

 to the caterpillars of Acherontia (Sphinx) atropos and Sphinx ligustri, 

 as well as to those of various Noctuids, silk- worms, etc. It is however still 

 uncertain whether this fungus provides an efficient means of combating 

 these larvae. In the United States, between 1888 and 1896, interesting 

 erperiments were carried out with Sp>orotrichum (Beauveria) globidi- 

 ferum, Speg., against Blissus leucopterus (chinch bug). In Snow's last 

 report, issued in 1896, it is stated that B. leucopterus was affected by 

 two fatal diseases due to S. globuliferu77i and Empusa aphidis, which 

 are most virulent when the ground is damp and the air saturated with 

 moisture. In 1910 Bilhngs and Glen however concluded that the 

 effect of this fungus on chinch bugs was uncertain. In 1903 Vaney 

 and Conte obtained remarkable results in infecting Haltica larvae mth 

 Botrytis bassiana, but as a means of combating this pest it has not 

 come into general use. In 1912 Picard artificially infected the cater- 

 pillars of Phthoriynaea opercidella, ZelL, with the spores of S. globidi- 

 ferum, B. bassiana, Isaria densa and I.farinosa. Negative results were 

 obtained with 7. destructor. Sopp described in 1911 the fungus control 

 of Dendrolimus (Gastropacha) pini, a serious pest of conifers in Norway. 

 By 1907 this pest had become so reduced as to be harmless, the principal 

 fungus concerned being Cordiceps norvegica. In 1912 Speare and 

 Colley pubHshed a work on the practical use of Entomophthora aulicae 

 against Euproctis chrysorrhoea, and a year later Picard reported this 

 fungus as causing an epidemic among the caterpillars of Arctia caja 

 [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 250]. Much work has been done on the 

 fungi infesting Aleurodes in Florida [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 129 ; 

 iii, pp. 22, 136], including Aschersonia aleurodis, A. fiavo-citrina, 

 Aegerita webberi, Verticillium heterocladum, which also attacks Coccus 

 hesperidwn, and Sphaerostilbe coccophila. 



In 1893 Sauvageau and Perraud noticed that pupae of the vine- 

 moths, Polychrosis botrana and Clysia ambiguella, were covered with a 

 white fungus which Boudier identified as Isaria farinosa, Fries. 

 Tulasne described this species as Cordiceps militaris and it is now 

 known as Spicaria farinosa var. verticilloides, Fron. In spite of 

 encouraging results, the experimental work was not continued until 

 Schwangart in 1907 noticed that vine-moths did httle damage in 

 Franconia, where it is customary to bury the stocks in winter, and he 

 found that by earthing them up from 85 to 90 per cent, of the pupae 

 which had passed the winter in the ground were covered with a white 

 fungus in the spring. While not applicable evervwhere, this method 



