313 



catorpillars. To prcvont the caterpillars from reaching the crown, a 

 band of cloth, soaked in an adhesive, was placed round the trunk of 

 the trees, at a cost of 136'. Qd. per acre. This measure was successful 

 and large numbers were found to have been trapped by this means in 

 the following spring. Examination of the trees showed that the 

 catei"pillars had been unable to pass the bands and the crowns were 

 undamaged. The collected caterpillars were found to be attacked by 

 parasites to the extent of 90 per cent., on account of which no 

 preventive measures were taken in 1914. This experiment was 

 successful and in that year the forest was little attacked, and still 

 less so in the summer of 1915. 



Parasites of the winter caterpillars were less numerous than those of 

 the summer ones ; they included the larvae of a Braconid, probably 

 Rhogas esenbeckii, Hart., Exochilum giganteum, Grav., an Ophionid not 

 yet identified and Apanteles fulvipes, Reinh., which is of little import- 

 ance, but no Tachinid larvae were found on them. From several 

 hundreds of these caterpillars reared entirely in captivity, 11 specimens 

 of Sturmia (Zygobothriu) himaculata, Htg., which hatched in May, and 

 a single specimen of Pales ptavida, Mg. [P. cilvpeda, End.) were 

 obtained. Of 1,598 examples of adult caterpillars and pupae collected 

 at the end of June and beginning of July, 3 per cent, were parasitised 

 by Ichneumonids and 76-6 per cent, by Tachinids and Sarcophagids. 

 The Tachinidae were almost exclusively represented by Blepharopoda 

 ftrutellata, R. D., and the Sarcophagidae by Sarcophaga affinis, Zell., 

 *S'. atropos, Mg. and S. carnaria albiceps. The Ichneumonidae were 

 mostly represented by Exochilum giganteum, Grav., Theronia atalantae, 

 Krieg., and Pimpla instigator, and the Chalcid, Moyiodontomerus 

 dent i pes, Dalm. The principal parasite of the eggs was Teleas 

 Jaeviu-sculus, which appears to have been very useful. 



It is stated in conclusion that the few caterpillars which remain 

 during the winter in the crown of the pine trees do not diminish the 

 practical value of employing adhesive belts. In order to localise the 

 most infested places it is necessary to collect the larvae from a 

 certain number of trees in each zone during the winter. In the forest 

 mider consideration, the most important enemies were Blepharopoda 

 scutellata and the Sarcophagidae. The bed of pine-needles should 

 not be removed, as it alTords good cover for the natural enemies, 

 especially those of the winter caterpillars, though the most important 

 parasites are those which attack the summer caterpillars and the pupae. 



Jablonowski (J.). Phlydaenodes sticticalis, Microplepidoptera Injurious 

 to Plants cultivated in Ryxngsixy.— Internal. Rev. Sci. & Pract. 

 Agrlc., Rome, vii, no. 1, January 191G, pp. 172-173. [Abstract 

 from Koztelek, Budapest, xxv, no. 32. 1915, pp. 1157-1160.] 

 [Received 2nd May 191G.] 



In July 1915, reports were sent to the Royal Hungarian Entomolo- 

 gical Station that in Transylvania an unknown larva was causing 

 serious and unexpected havoc. It attacked in swarms the fields of 

 lucerne, clover, horse beans, maize, pumpkins, potatoes and peas. In 

 one place it completely destroyed whole fields of lucerne and clover. 

 The insect in question proved to be Phlydaenodes sticticalis, L., which 



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