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and sometimes by the exudation of gum. Badly infested trees should 

 be dug up and destroyed. When not abundant, the larvae may be dug 

 out with a knife, but preventive measures are more important than 

 the destruction of borers after infestation has occurred. The trunks 

 may be protected by a wrapping made of several thicknesses of news- 

 paper and the soil should be heaped up round the bottom of the paper 

 covering to protect the base of the tree. Whitewash may also be applied 

 to the exposed parts of the trunk and to the larger branches. The 

 whitewash is prepared from 16 lb. stone lime "with sufficient water to 

 slake it, 5 lb. melted beef tallow and 5 lb. salt. The lime should not 

 be allowed to boil. One application made in May will be sufficient 

 for the season. Whale-oil or soft soap, formed into a thick liquid by 

 adding a solution of caustic potash or washing soda, with 1 pt. crude 

 carbolic acid to each 10 gals, of the wash, also acts as a deterrent. 

 The first application should be made in May and the second and third 

 at intervals of about six weeks. A species of Leucotermes was 

 apparently responsible for the destruction of pear trees in two districts, 

 and also of ohves. The trees were completely severed just below the 

 surface of the ground. Frankliniella tritici (wheat-flower thrips) 

 was less destructive to deciduous fruits than usual. Blackberries 

 were most seriously injured, attack resulting in the premature dropping 

 or imperfect development of the fruit. Good results were claimed from 

 the use of nicotine whale-oil soap mixture, used at the rate of one 

 teaspoonful Black Leaf 40, \ oz. soap, and one gal. water. Experi- 

 ments on the grafting of English and French varieties of walnuts on 

 native stocks led to the discovery of two boring pests of walnut, 

 namely, Prionus californicus and Euzophera aglaeella. P. californicus 

 is known to attack apple, blackberry, grape, oak, poplar, prune, black 

 walnut and English walnut. The larvae work in the roots of both 

 living and dead trees, as long as the wood of the latter is moist. 

 Wounded bark or improper prmiing may lead to decay and attack by 

 this beetle, though it is not probable that injury in walnut orchards will 

 ever be severe. The larvae can be controlled by destroying them in their 

 burrows by means of a knife or a wire. The caterpillars of E. aglaeella 

 burrow under the bark next to the sap wood and in some cases com- 

 pletely girdle the tree. The burrows are easily detected by the accumu- 

 lation of f rass at the opening. The best remedy is to cut out the larvae 

 with a knife before 1st May. An allied species, E. semifuneralis 

 (American plum borer), is widely distributed in the United States and 

 Canada. Young oHve trees were considerably damaged by Cicada 

 cinctifera. Small stems and branches were weakened by the formation 

 of egg punctures, so that it was found advisable to cut out affected 

 parts as soon as the adults had disappeared. Hand-collection of 

 adults in the early morning is recommended, Scirtothri'ps citri was 

 less abundant than usual. There appears to be a definite relation 

 between the amount of injury by thrips and the growth of vegetation 

 between the rows of trees. Fruit from clean cultivated groves is usually 

 more scarred than that produced in orchards in which weeds, lucerne, 

 or grass may be present. The grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis, 

 was injurious to lucerne in some districts. Poisoned bait prepared 

 according to the formula, 20 lb. wheat bran, 1 lb. Paris green, 2 U.S. qts. 

 molasses, 3 oranges or lemons and water, was effective against insects 

 which had passed the second nymphal stage. By doubUng the number 



