328 



on 14th June ; P. salicis, Christ {Nematus gallarum, Hart.), on red 

 osier, the larva emerging from the galls on 8th October ; Micronematns 

 abbreviatus, Htg., on pear trees ; Trichiocampus {Cladius) viminalis, 

 Fall. ; Emphytus truncatus, Klug, on strawberries in May ; Rhabdo- 

 phaga [Cecidomyia) salicis, Schr., on willows. 



Three stations for hiring apparatus were opened during the year, 

 and notwithstanding the war and the scarcity of insecticides, they 

 proved very valuable. A total of 25 sprayers were used and some 

 30,000 vine stocks, about 4,000 fruit-trees and over 160,000 tomato 

 plants were sprayed ; the machines were in use for 170 days by 133 

 growers. The cost of the management of these stations was £7 10s. Orf., 

 and about £2 lOs. ()d. was received for hire, besides £21 from the sale 

 of insecticides. Some 3,500 copies of posters on insect pests were also 

 published. 



Experiments were also made with several new insecticides. London 

 purple (1 lb. in about 100 gallons of water and 2 lbs. of lime) was 

 tested under natural conditions on the caterpillars of Hyponomeuta 

 malinellus ; the death of some of the caterpillars occurred within 

 18 hours, and within three days only single individuals survived ; it is 

 thought that London purple may be effective in replacing Paris green 

 and it is proposed to test it on other pests. Kerosene-hme emulsion 

 (I lb. of lime, 1 lb. of kerosene and 3 gallons of water, the emulsion 

 being strained before use) proved very effective against Aphis pomi. 

 The disadvantage of this emulsion is that it clogs the nozzle of the 

 sprayer. 



N. Sh. HacTOflTenbHan Heo6xoflMMocTb ycrpoficTBa Bii BMHorpaAHii- 



KaXTi rHtaAMnnmij A^A mm;!.. [The urgent necessity of 



providing nests for birds in vineyards.] — Supplement to 



KCafll), OropOAlj H BaXHa.» [Orchard, Market-Garden and 



Bachza], Astrachan, no. 2-3, February-March, 1916, pp. 13-15, 



Ifig. 



The value of tits, wrens, warblers and other birds in destroying 



Phylloxera and the caterpillars of Polychrosis botrana is emphasised, 



and the provision of nesting places in vineyards is urged. 



VosTRiKov (P.). riTimbi — noMomHMKM MenootKa btj MCTpeSneHiw 

 BpeAHbixii HactKOMbixii M BbiAaioLMaflCfl B-b aroM-b oTHOLueHiM 

 po/lb rpana M CKBOp^a. [Birds assistmg man in the control of 

 insect-pests and the important part played by rooks and star- 

 lings.]— Supplement to «CaA"b, OropOA'b M BaXHa.» [Orchards, 

 Market-Garden and Bachza], Astrachan, no. 2-3, February-March 

 1916, 13 pp., 5 figs. 

 This paper contains a general review of the assistance afforded by 

 birds in destroying insect and other pests. In the government of 

 Astrachan a very important and useful part in this respect is played by 

 rooks (Corvns frugilegus) and starlings {Sturnus vulgaris). The former 

 destroys the larvae of Euxoa segetum, Dendrolimns segregatus, D. pini, 

 Polyphyllafullo, P. alba, locusts, Lethrus apterus, Bothynoderes (Cleonus) 

 punctiventris, wireworms, and many other insects. Swarms of rooks 

 and starlings often serve as an indication of the presence of egg-clusters 

 of locusts. In one case the author witnessed the destruction by these 

 birds of all the egg-clusters over an area of 567 acres. 



