f 



370 



on trees with rough bark. The sexual forms have no woolly covering 

 such as occurs in Eriosoma lanigerum. A comparative table is given 

 of the life-history of E. jyyricola and E. lanigerum and another table 

 shows the distinctions between the autumn migrants of E. jryricola 

 and those of E. lanigerum and E. americanum. 



Good (C. A.). The Apple Maggot in Nova Scotia. — Proc. Entom. Soc. 

 Nova Scotia, Truro, no. 1, 3rd August 1915, pp. 54-69, 5 figs. 

 [Received 28th June 1916.] 



The first official record of the apple maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella] 

 was made in Nova Scotia in 1913. Inspection in 1915 showed its 

 distribution in the province to be far wider than was suspected. 

 Disease, parasitism and predatory insects cause great mortality among 

 the eggs, larvae and pupae. In 1914 Mr, W. C. Woods reared a 

 parasite, Biosteres rhagoletis [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 753] and 

 the author found this insect in Digby county, ovipositing in apples. 

 The adults begin to emerge about the third week in July and continue 

 to do so until nearly the end of September. To determine the 

 depth from which they can emerge, pupae were buried at different 

 depths in special rearing boxes, the soil being pressed above them, 

 but not pounded. Fhes emerged from a depth of 24 inches and a 

 depth of 6 inches had not the shghtest effect, so that ploughing under 

 infested fruit would be of Uttle use. Early-maturing sweet or sub- 

 acid varieties of apple seem to be more seriously attacked than acid 

 ones. Thick-skinned apples are not badly attacked. The adults do 

 not appear to fly long distances. In captivity several flies lived for 

 six weeks. The egg, larva and pupa are described. Control methods 

 include the destruction of fallen fruit, which is very laborious, but if 

 carefully carried on for two or three years, will effectively control the 

 pest. Fowls in the orchard render valuable service. Experiments 

 with a sweetened poison spray have proved it to be efiicient. The 

 formula used was : lead arsenate paste 3 lb., molasses 1 gal., flour 2 lb., 

 water 40 gals. The flour is first made into a paste and is used to 

 increase the adhesive power of the spray, since the molasses almost 

 completely spoils the adhering qualities of the lead arsenate. 



Sanders (G. E.). Budmoths in Nova Scotia. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova 

 Scotia, Truro, no. 1, 3rd August 1915, pp. 84-85. [Received 

 28th June 1916.] 



At present four species of bud-moths are known to attack the apple 

 in Nova Scotia. In order of abundance they are : Eucosma (Spilo- 

 nota) ocellana, Schiff. (eye-spotted bud-moth), Tortrix {Archifs) rosa- 

 ceana, Harr. (oblique-banded leaf-roller), Olethreutes consanguinana 

 (0. frigidana) and Recurvaria nanella, Hb. (lesser bud-moth). They 

 all pass the winter as larvae in hibernating cocoons, emerging as the 

 buds begin to swell in the spring and boring into the opening tips. 

 Some pupate during or immediately after the blossoming period, others 

 three or four weeks later. All pupate among the leaves and all oviposit 

 on them, T. rosaceana deposits its eggs in a mass, the others 

 depositing them singly. They are all single-brooded in Nova Scotia. 



