371 



Counts made in 1913 and 1915 showed the set in infested blossom- 

 clusters to be reduced 74'7 and 79*4 per cent, respectively. Autumn 

 injury to the foHage is negligible, but serious loss is caused by those 

 species which tie the leaves to the apples and spoil their surface. In 

 Nova Scotia the average infestation in unsprayed orchards for all 

 varieties is about 40 per cent., which is equal to an average reduction 

 of crop of 30 per cent. Varieties with wrinkled twigs are almost invari- 

 ably more heavily infested than clean-limbed ones, owing to the better 

 protection offered to the cocoon. For control, a spray containing 5 to 7 

 lb. of lead arsenate or 2 lb. of lime arsenate to 100 gals, of water, is 

 recommended. This should be applied when the leaves are about the 

 size of a sixpence, using a drive-nozzle immediately before the blossoms 

 are open and a calyx- or drive-nozzle afterwards. 



Sanders (G. E.). Fruit Worms or Apple Worms in Nova Scotia. — 

 Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia, Truro, no. 1, 3rd August 1915, 

 pp. 87-89. [Received 28th June 1916.] 



The fruit worms present in Nova Scotia probably number a dozen 

 species, belonging to the genera Xylina, Calocampa and Scopelosoma. The 

 damage done by all the species and their life-histories are very similar. 

 Graptolitha (Xylina) bethunei, G. & R., is the most common species, 

 far outnumbering all the others combined. The adult emerges in 

 September or early October, hibernates under rubbish in old fences, 

 grass, etc., and is one of the first moths to be found on the wing in 

 spring, usually in early April. About one month later it begins to 

 oviposit on the apple, the eggs being deposited singly. Eighteen days 

 later the larva emerges and begins to feed on the leaves. For the first 

 three weeks of its existence it feeds on the leaves and blossoms. At the 

 beginning of the third instar it forsakes the foliage almost entirely 

 and feeds on the fruit, usually biting into a new apple for each meal. 

 After five months the larva begins to pupate about 12th July. The 

 pupa is formed in a very thin silken web, one or two inches below 

 the surface of the soil. The first adults emerge about 15th September. 

 In cases where feeding is confined to the outer pulp, the injury heals, 

 forming a somewhat regular roughened area with very little or no 

 malformation. It has been found by actual count that 72 per cent, 

 of the apples attacked by fruit worms in the spring drop. The percen- 

 tage of fruit worms has been found to vary directly with the position 

 of the orchard, the more sheltered ones being more seriously attacked. 

 Spraying immediately before the blossoming, and again immediately 

 after, caused a reduction in injury of 65 per cent. The larvae of 

 G. bethunei have been noticed gnawing through the cocoons of Mala- 

 cosoma disstria and M. americana. In 1913, 34-82 per cent, of the 

 M. disstria cocoons collected on apple, on 12th and 13th July, were 

 found to have been thus destroyed. 



Sanders (G. E.). The Codling Moth in Nova Scotia. — Proc. Entom. 

 Soc. Nova Scotia, Truro, no. 1, 3rd August 1915, p. 90. [Received 

 28th June 1916.] 



This note records the comparative scarcity of the codhng moth 

 [Cydia pomonella] in Nova Scotia, it being very rare to find over five 

 per cent, of infested apples even in unsprayed orchards. No definite 

 indications of a second brood have been found. 



(C294) a2 



