378 



occurring on Beiula verrucosa and B. pubescens. This species has alsa 

 been found by the author in South Russia on pear trees. Wiynchites 

 2}opuU, L., was found damaging the fohage of Populus tremvJa. 



Lepidoptera : Lymantria monacha occurs near Riga and outbreaks 

 of this pest were expected in the forests of Courland, but these could not 

 be visited as they were occupied by the Germans. Adults of Panolis 

 fiammea, Schiff . {piniperda, Panz.) were present near Riga in the second 

 half of April. The older caterpillars in June chiefly feed on the old 

 pine-needles and do not touch the young shoots. In the laboratory 

 the caterpillars pupated between the 7th and 16th July, in a thin layer 

 of sand, pine-needles, etc. The caterpillars of Tortrix jyiceana, L., in 

 spring feed on the tips of the shoots of young pines, pupation also 

 taking place there. The pupal stage in the laboratory lasted 10-14 

 da3^s, the moths being on the wing in the second half of June and first 

 half of July. The caterpillar of Rhyacionia {Retinia) resinella, L., 

 hatches in June and eats into the pine shoots near the tip, in which it 

 forms a cell from the resin. In this it hibernates and remains until 

 the autumn of the following year, the cell increasing in size with the 

 growth of the caterpillar. It then hibernates once more inside the 

 cell, pupating in the following spring and producing adults in May. 

 The cells of R. resinella are mostly found on young pines, and are 

 usually situated on the lateral branches, rarely on the leaders. In rare 

 cases, the buds above the cells wither in the spring of the second year ; 

 more frequently they are able to develop and produce young shoots 

 which only wither in the spring before the emergence of the imago. 

 In the forests of Courland the imagines were present in 1914 and absent 

 in 1915, but in view of the biennial cycle of this moth they may be 

 expected again in 1916. The damage done is not very important, as 

 the leading shoots are rarely infested. Rhyacionia duplana, Hb., 

 although present in the government of Livonia, was not found there 

 by the author, who, however, met with this species in Kiev [see this 

 Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 516.] The caterpillars of R. turionana, Hb., 

 live and feed inside large terminal buds of young pines and hibernate 

 and pupate in the spring inside the injured buds. The caterpillars of 

 R. hioliana, Schiff., live at the end of pine branches and on the tips of 

 young pines. They hatch in the second half of summer, hibernate, 

 and continue their development during the spring of the next year ; 

 they feed mostly on the large terminal buds and afterwards on the 

 young shoots. They prepare cells from the injured buds and shoots, 

 mixed with web and resin, sometimes several individuals forming a 

 common nest, in which they pupate. The adults are on the wing in 

 June and July. The injury caused by this species involves the 

 destruction of great numbers of buds and young shoots. Near Riga, 

 the caterpillars of R. bnoliana were found in the male inflorescences 

 on more or less tall trees, where they matured and pupated. This fact 

 would tend to minimise the value of the usual remedy, which consists 

 of removing and destroying the nests, in cases where tall pines, flowering 

 in May, are present near nurseries or young plantations. The cater- 

 pillars of Eucosma tedella, Clerck, infest fir needles. Only one 

 generation occurs during the summer, the caterpillars hibernating and 

 pupating in the next spring. The adults were observed in large numbers 

 in some forests in Livonia. Although this species was recorded as a pest 

 of firs more than 100 years ago, its importance at the present time is 



