413 



deciduous trees contain more ash than pines and firs, the latter are 

 preferred owing to the pitch they contain. A tendency to attack the 

 healthiest trees is also exhibited. The pupal stage lasts two weeks 

 and the adults appear in the middle of August, the males emerging 

 before the females and in greater numbers. Oviposition occurs chiefly 

 on trees with rough bark, but in large outbreaks may be effected any- 

 wliere on the trunks and branches. The majority of observations 

 tend to show that dense woods are preferred for oviposition. Large 

 outbreaks of L. tnonacha appear to occur at intervals of six years. 

 Instances of large migrations arei common and are mainly due to 

 climatic conditions. The moths have been known to travel as much 

 as 12| miles unassisted by the wind. Such migrations can hardly 

 account for sudden and extensive damage to forests, which is more 

 pxobably due to the insects having been present for some, time and 

 gradually increasing to abnormal numbers. ,',\) oti;i ■)rf;fT3;t'>q iloniv/ 

 In the author's experience, the chief damage by this insect is done 

 to spruce growing in valleys, the eggs being laid preferably on coniferous 

 trees, especially the larger ones. They ate chiefly tound at heights 

 under 19 feet ; between 19 and 38 feet the number of eggs decreases 

 considerably, and above this only single eggs are found ; the presence 

 of pines amongst these plantations favours the development of the 

 caterpillars. The next place is taken by spruce trees amongst alder 

 woods, where the insects concentrate on the former ; the majority of 

 eggs in this. case were observed at a height not exceeding 10-14 feet. 

 Spruce plantations on very swampy ground are injured to a much less 

 degree ; the g^e^test nunaber of eggs was found at a height not exceed- 

 ing 14-24 feet,' but the degree of infestation in' these] circumstances i^ 

 verv,smaih'* ''' V' '^' ; '1' ^•. ' 'x ■■■■••-''■';' ^-''''i ■■''■- ;'. ^' ■ ^^o 

 'e.iAl in r.iaon xotxirw orit to noitoifif?.?b sjij i&M b3l?.3-2ii,iss ai ii .dasd 



Benzix (Vassily). ArpoHOHMMecKift not3fl"b BnaflMKaBHascKOM 

 wen'feSHOM floporn. [The Agronomical Train of the Vladikavkaz 

 Railway].— « CeJlbCKOe XOSHMCTBO M JltcOBOACTBO.v [Journal 

 of AgncuUure and Forestry], Petrograd, cch, no. 6, June 1916, 

 pp. 161-179, 12 figs. 



''This i^'ii' descriptioii of the agricultural instruction- train run by the 

 Vladikax'kaz Railway, which contains a section relating to apphed 

 entomolog}^ with particulars of posters, pamphlets, figures of pests, 

 insecticides, fungicides, sprayers, etc., etG.■^^■^^^^^'^^'■'"^X^-^ 9J:!3'r^'^i > 



p.'. tP. nil l^ i> Mir 



KoLEs^^K:bv (Alexander). JltcoBOACTBeHHoe M (})MHaHCOBoe SHaMeHJe 

 6tnoii anauiM btj cienHOM-b ntcopasBefleHJM. [The importance 



of white acacia in steppe-afforestation from the point of view of 

 forestry and finance.]— «CenbCHOe X03flMCTB0 M JltcOBOACTBO.H 

 [Journal of Agriculture and Forestry], Petrograd, ccli, no. 6, June 

 1916, pp. 191-234. 



The author deals with that part of the steppe-afforestation in Russia 

 w^hich, in the second half of last century, was connected with the 

 endeavour to cultivate white acacia (Robinia pseudacacia) with special 

 reference to some areas of the Verchnednieprovsk Forests, in the 

 govt, of Ekaterinoslav. During late years these plantations have 

 suffered largely from Eulecanium (Lecaniutn) capreae, which fact is 



