445 



of these insects did not affect their germination. The spores of Puccinia 

 cassipes, Alteniaria sp., and Fusarium sp. were also found in their 

 excrement. The ineffectiveness of crop rotation, combined with seed 

 treatment, in eliminating leafspot is thus probably due to the fact 

 that wind and insects are disseminating agents. 



Felt (E. P.). Thirty-first Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious 

 and Other Insects of the State of New York 1915. — New York State 

 Mus. Bull, Albany, no. 186. 1st June 1916, pp. 15-88, 13 plates, 

 22 tables. [Received 1st September 1916.] 



Experiments were carried out in a number of orchards in order to 

 determine the most favourable time for spraying against Cydia 

 pmnonella. The data obtained showed that the maximum control 

 was given by a spray apphed just after the blossoms fall. In three 

 plots sprayed once at this time the number of infested apples amounted 

 to 10'15 per cent. ; in plots sprayed twice, to 8*86 per cent. ; and in 

 those sprayed three times, to 8'24 per cent. The application of two or 

 three sprayings after the first, is also necessary to control apple scab. 

 About nine-tenths of the infested fruit showed side-injury due to the 

 larvae from late eggs. It is possible that a second spraying made 

 during the latter part of June would control this type of injury to some 

 extent. 



Diarthrmiomyia hypogaea, H. Lw. (chrysanthemum midge) was 

 present on greenhouse chrysanthemums at Adrian, Michigan, Injury 

 resulted in the formation of numerous galls on the stem and leaves 

 which rendered infested plants distorted and in many cases valueless. 

 In Europe this species has been recorded on Chrysanthemum leucan- 

 themum, C. corymhosum, C. atratum, C. japonicum and C. myconis. 

 Breeding is probably continuous under favourable greenhouse con- 

 ditions. Preference is shown for young tissues. The life-cycle is 

 passed through within the gall and it is possible that hibernation or 

 aestivation may occur in galls on the roots. Eggs were observed to 

 be deposited on the leaf surface ; a single female may lay from 40 to 

 50 eggs. The incubation period may be less than 24 hours. Periods 

 of marked activity occur in spring and autumn. Since D. hypogaea is 

 found also on C. leucanthemum, which is widely distributed in America, 

 efforts should be made to control the pest as soon as infestation is 

 noted, otherwise C. leucanthemum may serve as an alternative host 

 and thus render chrysanthemums more liable to attack each year. 

 The control measures recommended are the destruction of infested 

 plants and fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. 



Four species of white grubs, Lachnosterna fusca, Froh., L. f rater na, 

 Harr., L. hirticula, Knoch, and L. tristis, F., caused more or less 

 injury to grass land, maize and potatoes. The systematic rotation of 

 crops is advised in order to control these insects. The grasshoppers, 

 Melanoplus atlantis, Riley, and M.fem&ratns, Burm., were destructive 

 in some localities. Young individuals of the former species were observed 

 in sandy places on the 11th May and had apparently hatched a day or 

 two previously. Clover was readily attacked by the young hoppers. 

 A few winged forms were observed on 17th June. Nymphs of 

 M. femoratus appeared considerably later than those of M. atlantis. 

 Natural enemies of these two species included a species of Chalcis and a 



