462 



pear trees had been defoliated and the mature larvae were descending 

 the trunks and forming cocoons, mostly in the soil, but also under dead 

 leaves, clods of earth, etc. They remained in this stage until the 

 following spring, when they pupated, the imago appearing on 25th 

 April. Only females were found and it is thought that this species 

 reproduces parthenogenetically. The larvae were parasitised in 1915 

 to the extent of about 18 per cent., by an Ichneumonid. 



The remedies recommended against this pest include : — Spraying 

 with Paris green (| lb. of green, 1 lb. of lime prepared as milk of lime, 

 and about 39-40 gallons of water, to which 5-7 lb. of molasses may be 

 added as an adhesive), Urania green (1 lb. in about 70 gallons of 

 water and 10-12 lb. of molasses), or London purple (1 lb. in about 

 90-100 gallons of water and 2 lb. of lime with | lb. of molasses). The 

 spraying is best done either before 10 a.m. or after 3 or 4 p.m., after 

 the blossoming is over, otherwise the blooms will be damaged. 

 Tanglefoot belts should be tried at the time when the larvae are 

 migrating down the trunks. The burning of fallen leaves in autumn 

 and disturbance of the soil at the foot of the trees are also useful. 



Anderson (J.). The Connection of Noserna apis with Isle of Wight 

 Disease in Hive Bees. Remarks on the evidence submitted in the 

 Board of Agriculture Reports of 1912 & 1913.— Proc. R. Physical 

 Soc, Edinburgh, xx, no. 1, September 1916, pp. 16-22. 



The Protozoan parasite, Nosema apis, was found in 1906 by Drs. 

 Fantham and Porter to be invariably present in bees suffering from 

 Isle of Wight disease. An outbreak of the disease occurred in Lewis, 

 Outer Hebrides, in 1911, and examination of ai!ected insects showed 

 the presence of young stages of Nosema. One colony was killed, but 

 another completely recovered. An outbreak of disease appeared in 

 Stornaway in June 1913, in which the crawling symptoms were very 

 marked. Young stages of the parasite were present, but spores were 

 practically wanting. Further investigations in Lewis proved that 

 spores were more abundant in apparently healthy than in diseased 

 bees. Again, the presence of Nosema or its spores was only found in 

 84 per cent, of the diseased bees examined from Stornoway. The 

 results obtained by inoculating healthy bees with Nosema spores have 

 not proved conclusively that this parasite was the cause of the mortality 

 observed, as the unnatural conditions under which the experimental 

 bees were kept had a marked effect on their vitahty. It was also found 

 that a stock which showed the heaviest Nosema infection lived longer 

 than one less heavily infected. The theory that N. apis is the cause 

 of Isle of Wight disease is therefore not supported by all the facts 

 observed. 



Anderson (J.) & Rennie (J.). Observations and Experiments bearing 

 on " Isle of Wight" Disease in Hive Bees. — Proc. R. Physical Soc, 

 Edinburgh, xx, no. 1, September 1916, pp. 23-61, 1 plate. 



The observations here recorded are grouped under three heads : — 



(1) those relating to the general characters of the Isle of Wight disease ; 



(2) investigations bearing on the relation of Nosema apis to Isle of 

 Wight disease ; (3) experiments on the infectivity of the disease as 



