MOSQUITOS OF SOME PORTS OF CHINA AND JAPAN. 405 



forming a basin, bnt the houses extend up into the valleys to an elevation of about 

 400 ft. It has a population estimated at 176,480, and, in point of size, ranks next 

 after Kobe in Western Japan. 



Trade. — It is noted as a coaling station, the coal being obtained chiefly from 

 Takashima, an islet eight nnles south-east of the entrance to the harl)our, and in 

 lesser quantities from two adjacent islets. 



There are no large industrial concerns in the south of Japan other than the 

 shipbuilding \'ards at Nagasaki, and the e.xports are therefore small. 



Temperature and Rainfall. — The climate is mild and equable, the mean annual 

 temperature being from 60° to 63° F., with extremes of 40° to 45° in winter, and 

 75° to 85° in summer. Snow and frost are unknown. 



Water Supply. — Mountain torrents supply the outlying parts of the town with 

 water ; the supply to the centre is pipe-borne from reservoirs in the hills near b\'. 



Sanitation and Quarantine. — A quarantine station, with shore hospital accommoda- 

 tion and apparatus for the fumigation of ships, exists at a distance of a couple of 

 miles to seaward of the harbour, and similar provision is made at all the other large 

 ports of Japan. 



Mosquitos. — A greater number of species than was met with in Fuchow and 

 Shanghai was to be expected in Nagasaki , by reason of the more genial climate and 

 the greater variety of breeding places afforded by the natural features of the country. 

 The following species were obtained: Stegomyia albopicfa, Aedes [Finlaya) togoi, 

 Theo., Aedes {Finlaya) japonieus, Theo., Culex fatigans, C. hayashi, C. trifaenio- 

 rhynchus, Armigeres obturbans, Walk., Lutzia vorax, Edw., Anopheles hvrcanus, 

 A. lindesayi, Giles, and Anopheles punctibasis, Edw. 



Stegomyia. albopicta. — The larvae of this species were fairh- abundant in artificial 

 breeding places, usually in shaded situations and in pure culture. They were 

 obtained in rain-water collected in earthenware jars, in saucers beneath flower- 

 pots, and in the cement or stone basins beneath the little fern-covered rockeries which 

 are so comm^onh' seen in Japanese gardens. An oblong granite trough, shaded 

 by the eaves of a house in the main street, afforded a vast number of larvae, and 

 similar troughs, set beneath a roof of thatch in the court-yards of temples and 

 containing water for worshippers to rinse their mouths and wash their hands, pre- 

 paratory to entering the sacred edifices, almost invariably aft'orded larvae. Their 

 security in such situations is to be explained largely by the wariness exhibited, the 

 larvae all dropping to the bottom on the slightest disturbance of the water, and by 

 there being no means of draining the water from the bottom of the receptacles, which 

 are never completely empty. A little bowl, scooped in the top of a granite pillar 

 placed in front of a stone image of Buddha in a small roofed wayside shrine, afforded 

 larvae, which were also found there in the water in sections of bamboos placed for 

 the reception of votive offerings of flowers. No specimens of 5. fasciaJa were 

 obtained. 



Aedes {Finlaya) togoi. — The larvae of this species were first obtained in enormous 

 numbers in the centre of the town, on the hillside in a large uncovered cement tank 

 holding some hundreds of gallons and used for the storage of rain-water. They 

 were invariably found in the water-containing troughs cut in the solid stones forming 

 the pedestals of the monuments in cemeteries, and in the granite vases, often of very 

 large size, placed for ornamental purposes in gardens. Cups hollowed in boulders 

 placed near the doors of houses, and containing water used for ablution purposes, 

 often contained these larvae when in the open, and they were commonly found in 

 water-containing hollows in rocks in partly dried-up beds of streams running down 

 from the mountains through the town. 



