406 ^V- A. LAM BORN. 



Aedes {F inlay a) japonicus. — This, unfortunately, was not recognised as a distinct 

 species, until Mr. F. W. Edwards had made the determinations. It was found less 

 abundantly than Acdcs togoi, though breeding in similar places, and, it is believed, 

 mixed with this species. 



Ciilex fatigans. — The larvae of this species were found abundantly in foul drains 

 and cesspits. Such was the cleanliness of the town, in spite of the absence of any 

 water-borne sewage system, that these breeding places were not discovered at all 

 within its precincts. Open drains were found only in the vicinity' on the country- 

 side, usually about cattle-sheds and rarely near houses. Pits, open to the sky, either 

 dug in the ground or cut in the rock, were dotted about the fields, and served as 

 septic tanks into which collections of e.xcreta were dumped, the contents being 

 finally withdrawn for the purposes of agriculture. In such pits, whether containing 

 comparatively fresh or thoroughly decomposed material, the larvae invariably 

 occurred in enormous numbers, in the former case in pure culture. 



Culex hayashi. — The larvae of this species were found in great abundance 

 associated with those of {Anopheles punctibasis) in a small natural pond, almost 

 dried up and completely shaded at all liours by trees. 



Culex tyitaeniorhyncluis. — The larvae of this species occurred, as elsewhere, in 

 rice-fields. 



Armigeves ohliivhans. — A few imagos of this niosquito were obtained in houses. 

 Their breeding places were not discovered. 



Ltitzia vorax. — The larvae of this species invariably occurred in some abundance 

 in cesspits, though onl}' when the contents were so thoroughly decomposed that 

 algal growth had become possible. In such pits the larvae of C./cri/grt/zs were far 

 less abundant then elsewhere, the reason for which became apparent when about a 

 dozen larvae of the Lutzia were collected into a bottle. They attacked each other 

 with such ferocity that within an hour only two or three survived, and they fed freely 

 on the larvae of fatigans on which a long series were bred to maturity. The pupae 

 of this Culex however seemed to enjoy entire imnuinity from attack, possibly because 

 at the surface they are not so readily seized by such assailants. 



Anopheles hyrcanus. — The larvae occurred in great abundance in the rice-fields 

 when at an advanced stage of cultivation, associated, as in Fuchow, with those of 

 C. tritaeniorhynchus. As in Fuchow, thoroughly decomposed manure in a liquid 

 state is poured on the fields, when they are first flooded ready for planting out the rice, 

 but in Nagasaki a great abvmdance and variety of waste vegetable matter, such as 

 cut grass, potato haulms, turnip tops, etc., are also thrown in and allowed to 

 decompose before cultivation is commenced, the larvae being seemingh^ unaffected 

 by the richness of the water in organic matter. In Nagasaki, as elsewhere in Japan, 

 the larvae were similar in colour and pattern to those in the Chinese ports referred to. 



Anopheles lindesayi. — Nine larvae, onl}^ of this species were obtained, in clear 

 chilly water bubbling up from a spring in the hillside, a habitat similar to that in which, 

 as Dr. Hacker has written, he found them in India. 



Anopheles punciihasis. — The larvae of this species were obtained in some 

 abundance in the same muddy pool with those of C. hayashi. The insect has 

 recently been described bv Mr. F. W. Edwards (Bull. Ent. Res. .xii. pt. 3, p. 274, 

 Nov. 1921). 



Kobe, 



Kobe, situated in latitude 34° 41' North and longitude 135" 11' Fast on the 

 Inland Sea of Japan, has recently superseded Yokohama as the principal port, the 

 tonnage of vessels arriving and clearing amounting in 1919 to 36,100,000, for it is 

 accessible to the largest steamers. The town is situated on a strip of land from a 



