408 W. A. LAMBORN 



were found, for example, in a hollow tree in one of the main streets, but were especially 

 abundant in the cemetery of the Foreign Settlement, where plentiful breeding places 

 were provided for them in the jam-jars, pickle-bottles, and similar inexpensive 

 receptacles that had once contained those floral tributes, which, in accordance with 

 pious custom, are at lengthening intervals placed upon the graves — until the decay 

 of interest in the departed gives the female mosquito the reversion. The specimens 

 here obtained were so diminutive as to make their recognition, which is usually so 

 easy by reason of the very characteristic markings, difficult without the aid of a 

 lens. Specimens taken in Fuchow and Shanghai were rather larger, but did not 

 come up to the size of those ordinarily taken in the Malay States. The gradual 

 diminution in size may well be due to conditions becoming more unfavourable to 

 the species further north, for it was found repeatedly in the ]\Ialay States that poorness 

 of the food supply resulted in the production of dwarfed images. The ability to 

 attain maturity at all under such conditions is doubtless one of the reasons why this 

 species and S. fasciaia are so widely spread. All attempts to obtain in the Malay 

 States dwarfed Anophelines by semi-starvation or by reaiing them in unsuitable 

 media failed : the larvae either attained a maximum growth and in due course afforded 

 imagos, or else perished after a prolonged period of larval existence. 



Aedes (Finlava) togoi. — This species was found in the various types of breeding 

 places already alluded to. It was especially abundant in certain quarters in butts 

 of rain-water, and large numbers were obtained in the yards of stonemasons, in the 

 cavities of various granite receptacles, such as mortars, bowls and troughs of all 

 sorts, shapes and sizes, ornamental vases, etc. At a particular temple, at the main 

 doorway, the pillars on either side rested in huge iron tubs, holding gallons of water. 

 Examination for larvae in one of these, in which there were three golden carp, was 

 negative ; in the other, in which there were no fish, larvae swarmed. It had already 

 been remarked that in none of the little ornamental ponds, invariably found in gardens 

 of any size, were larvae found when goldfish were present. It was quite usual to 

 find a few of these fish in surface wells and barrels of water, in which, again, no larvae 

 were ever obtainable. While these larvae were invariably found in open situations, 

 their near relation, S. albopicta, was found breeding, with very few exceptions, in 

 thoroughly sheltered spots. The larvae of Aedes japoninis were not obtained here 

 at all. 



Culex orientaUs. — The larvae of this species were fomxl associated with those of 

 Anopheles hyrcaniis, having seeniingly replaced those of C. tritaeniorhynchns, which 

 were abundant in the south. 



Culex pipiens.— This again had entirelyreplaced C.faligans, and ^\•as found breeding 

 in great abundance in similar drains and ditches. 



Anopheles hyrcanus. — This was found in abundance, breeding, as usual, in rice- 

 fields. 



Conclusions. 



Confirmation of the opinion expressed by Dr. Stanton in his report that " a 

 survey of the ports of China and Japan would show that the conditions are unfavour- 

 able for the propagation of Stegomyia fasciaia, even in the warmer months " was, 

 therefore, obtained in regard to the places visited. In view of a record (Theobald, 

 Monograph of the Culicidae, i, 1901, p. 293) of the capture of a single specimen of 

 the insect in Tokyo (C. H. B. Wood, 3.vi!i.l899), a three-daj's' search for it was made 

 in the suburbs there, especially on the seaward side. None were obtained, so that 

 one may well conclude that, whatever the history of this particular specimen, the 

 species has failed to establish itself there. There are recent records, however, of its 

 presence in Kowloon, in latitude 22° 12' North on the mainland opposite Hong Kong, 

 though sparingly in the latter place (Stegomyia Survey in Hong Kong, Bull. Ent. 

 Res., vi, 1915, p. 67), and in Formosa (Secrete, 1917, " Notes of Mosquitos of Formosa." 



