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.€aprmulgus ..minor Americams\ 



"^e 'Whip-tpoor-Will. ' 



HIS ro^urnal Bird is about a ;hird part lefs tlvai) the Capri- 

 mulgus^ or Goat- Sucker oi Europe, The length of it, from the 

 bill, is eight inches ; and from the fhoulder of the wing to the 

 end of it, is feven inches. The length of the bill, from the 

 bafis of the upper mandible to the end of it, is half an inch 

 long; two thirds of which being covered with feathers, there 

 is vifibie fo fmall a pah of it, that, in proportion to the bignefs 

 of the Bird, it fcems to have the fmallefl bill of any other. From 

 the bafesof the bill fhot forth fome lliff briftly hairs, 1'he 

 throat has a white lift half round its neck. The breaft is white 

 ■faintly ftained with red and tranfverfe dark lines. The quill -feathers of the whigs are 

 ofa dark brown colour, except a broad white lift crolTing five of them on the middle of 

 each wing,* The tail-feathers, except the three uppermoft, have alfo two white fpots 

 near their ends. The plumage of all the reft of the body is brown, irregolarly mixed, 

 or powdered with an obfcure reddifti colour. The legs are very ftiort, being but half 

 an inch in length, and formed like thofe of the Goat- fucker ; having alfo the infide of 

 'the middle toe ferrated, 



• This Bird I have mentioned In the Addenda to this Volun^e; but having fi nee 

 'deceived two of them from /7/-^/«//3r, it has enabled me to exhibit the figure of it, 



and alfo to add to the defcription of it fome remarks fent me by Mr, Clajtok 



concerning it, as follows : 



* T\\t Whip -poor-Will h not fo large as the Bird called here ih^EaJi^ Indie Baty i. e. 



"^jCa^primuIgusx but in (hape, and colour of the feathers, it very much refembles it; 



^ having alfo at each fide of its mouth three or four ftiff" black hairs like thofe ofa 



« horfe's main, two or three inches long.' "Thefe Birds vifit us about the middle of 

 Jpril, from which time, till the end of June, they are heard every night, beginning 

 atout duflc> and continuing till break of day > but it is chiefiy in the upper or 

 weilerH'imrts that they are fo very frequent. I never heard but one In the maritime 

 parts, although my abode has been always there ; but near the mountains, wfthia 

 ia'fcw minutes after fun fet>, they begin, and make fo very loud and flirill a noife all 

 pight, which the ecchoes from the rocks and fides of mountains incrcafe to fuch a 



* degree, that the firft time I lodged there I could hardly get any Heep. The fliootlng 

 themin the night is very difficult, they never appearirig in the day-time. Their 

 cry is pretty much like the found of the pronunciation of the words Whip- poo7--Wil!y 



*S.with.a kind of chucking noife between every other or every two or three cries, and 

 * they lay the accent very ftrong upon the laft word 'Will, and Icaft of all upon the 

 n- middle one, ,. . . , 



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< The Indians fay tliefe Birds were never known till a great maifacre was made o? 

 their countryfolks by the EngUJh, and that they are the fouls or departed fpirits of 

 Die mziisiCxcd Indians, Abundance of people here look upon them as Birds of ill 

 omen, and are very inelancholy if one of them happeils to light upon their houfe, 

 or near their door, and fet up his cry (as they will fometimes upon the very 

 « threfhold) for they verily believe one of the family will die very foon after. Thefe 



* Birds, as I have been credibly informed, breed exaftly as tht Goat- Sucker before 

 « mentioned, which is thus: they lay only two eggs ofa dark greenifli colour, fpot- 

 .• ted and fcrawled about with black, in the plain beaten paths, without the leaft 



* .fign of any neQ, upon which they fit very clofe, and will fuiFer a very near 



* approach before they fly off.' ^ . . 



L 



iV. j5. This concludes the whole number of Birds exhibited in both Volutnejj, 

 containing in all i 13 ; and in which are alfo, contained all the land birds I have ever 

 ieen or could difcover, in that part oi North- Jmerica included between the 30th 

 and 45th degrees of latitude. And though more kinds may not improbably remain 

 unknown within thofe limits, yet north'o't theihT think there ' canriot reafonably 'be 

 thought to be many new fpecies, becaufe there are not only but a few Birds at the 

 northern limits, but alfo becaufe animals in general, and particularly Birds, dintiinilh 

 in number of ipecics fo much the nearer they approach the pole. 



Aureh 



n 



&r NlNSlN of 



GINSENG IS the root of a medicinal plant of the higheft eftcem with the Cbinefe, Their 

 principal phyficians have wrote many volumes of its virtues. MoH: of the writers oi China take 

 notice of the Ginfevg \ yet it was very little known till Father JartouXy a Jefuit and MiHionary 

 in Cbifm^ who feeing employed, by order of the Emperor, in making a map of Tartary, in the year 1709, 

 *had an opportunity of feeing it growing in a village, abont four leagues from the kingdom o^ Core a. 

 That Father took the opportunity to make a draught of the Plant, and give an accurate defcription 

 "thereof which, being putlifhed in theMcmc/ri of the ^cdc/f-wy of Sciences it Paris, gave light^to the 

 difcovery i>f the fame plant in Canada and Fenfyhania-y from which laft place it was fcnt to Mr. Co//inJoti, 

 in whoft" curioiis garden at Peckham it has," the preceding two or three years, and alfo this year I746, 

 produced its blofToms and berries as it appears in the figure here exhibited, and agrees (o exaclly, to .tlie 

 ►■Father's defcription of the Ci/n'?/^ C/n/^?;^? that no doubt can be made of its teing the very fpecies he 

 defcribe-s. But as clie Jefuit's account is too long to be jnfcrted here,. I ^all recite only what is moft 

 remarkable, adding to my ligure the bloflbms, which the Father oVns he never faw. The Father's 



account is aj follows : . ... t , i- - • /• 



'. • T^e plate of its gro^vth is between the 39th and 46th degree of latitude, upon the dedivjties of 



« mountain's,* in thick forefts, and upon the banks of torrents. That part of the Country in which this 

 precious root grows, is on every fide Secured by a barrier -of wooden ftakes, and about which guards 

 continually patrol, to hinder the Chinefe from going out and looking after this root. Yet how 

 vigilant foever they are, greedinefs after gain incites the ChineJ<t to lurk about privaffcly in thefe defcrts, 

 fometimes to the number of two or three thoufand, at the hazard of lofing their liberty, and all the 

 fruit of their labour, if they are taken either as they got^ut of, or come into, the province it grows in. 



* The Emperor, having a mind that the Tartars fiiould reap all the advantage that is to be made of 

 this plant, rather than x\it Chineje, gave orders, in 1709J to \ooooTartan, to go and gather all 

 that they could of the Cinjeng, upon condition that each perfon fhould give him two ounces, and 

 that the reft fhould be paid tor, weight for weight, in pure filver. It was computed thar, by this 

 means, the Emperor would get this year about acoco Chineje pounds of it, which would not coil him 

 above one fourth part of its real value. ^ 



* The Ginfing (fays Vathtr-Jarfoux) we have cbfcrved, is an mgredient in moft of the medicinee 

 which ihtCbweje phyficians prtfcribe to the^ fetter fort of patients. They affirm that it is a fovereign 

 remedy for all weakneffes, occafioned by exceflive fatigues, either of body or mind, that it atteMiatcs 

 and carries off pituitous humours, cuies weaknefs of the lungs and the pleuiify, ftops vomiting, 

 ftrengthcns the ftomach, and helps the appetite, difperfes tumes or vapouis, foitifies the breaft, and 

 is a remedy for fliort and weak breathing, ftrengthens the vital fpirits, and is ^ood -againft dizzinefs 

 of the head and dimnefs of fight, and that it prolones life to extreme old asre. 



' No body can imagine (adds the Father) that thfClinefe and Tartars would fet fo high a value upon 

 this root, if it did not conftantly produce a good effca. Thufe that are in health otten made ule of 

 it to make themfeNes more vigorous and ftrong ; aad I am perfuaded (adds the Father) it would 

 prove an excellent medicine in the hands of any F.urcfean who under/lands P/'-jrw^cy, if he had but 

 a fufficient quantity of it to make fuch trials as are neccflary, to examine the nature of ic chjmically, 

 and to apply it in a proper quantity, according to the nature of the difeafe for which it may be bet efi- 

 cia!.' It is certain that it fubtilizes and increafcs the motion of, and warms the blood 5 thu it 

 helps digeftlon, and invigorates in a very fenfiMe manner. 



« After I had defigned the root (he goes on) I obferved the flate of my puife, and then took half of 

 the root, raw as it was, and unprepared ; in an hour after I found my pulfe much fuller and quicker j 

 I had an appetite, and perceived myfelf much more vigorous, and could bear labour belter and eafier 

 than before. Four days after, finding myfelf fo fatigued and weary that I could fcarcc lit on horfe- 

 back a Mandarin, who was in company with us perceiving it, gave me orie of thefe roots ; I took 

 half of it immediately, and in an hour after I was not the leaft feniible of any wearinefs. I have often 

 « made ufe of it fincc, and always with the fame fuccefs.* Thus far Father Jartoux. 



ThisPlant had a ftrait round ftem, and arofe to about the height of ten inches; from the top of 

 which ihoot forth three fmaller ftalks of three or four inches long; each of which had at their ends 

 five ferrated leaves on ftort footftalks. From the fummit of the ftem arofe perpendicularly another 

 ihorter ftalk, on the top of which was placed a globular bunch of red berries ^ the pedicles of which 

 fpreading circularly, formed the radii of a fphere, Thefe berries were double, containing each two 

 flattifti rough feeds covered with a thin fkin. The flowers were very fmall, compofed of five round 

 ■white petals, with five ftamina and a ftilus, rifing from a calix with five fedtions. 



The root is white, three or four times the fize of the ftem, and grows tapering to the end, and il 



ufually about three iaches in length, more 01 lefs j and it often parts in two or three branches. 



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ST Oi/eau noBurne eft environ d^un iters plus petit que le caprl* 

 muleus, Du tette-chevre de »o/r^ Europe. Sa lojigueur depuit, 



ie hec eft de huit ponces 'y ^ dtpuis Vefaule de Paile jujqu^au 

 houty de fept. La hngueur du bee, , depuis la baje de la mandi* 

 hule fuperieure jujqu a la pointer eft de la moitie d^un pouce, 13 

 les deux tiers decet.e longueur etant cowverts de plumes, il n^en 

 refte de %^iftble quune ft petite partie, qu^ a proportion de la graft- 

 fteur deVOifteauy iljtmble qu^zl aU le bee plus petit qu'aucun 

 autre, De la bdfte du be:ftortent quelques poils durs l^ roides* 

 La gorge a comme une liftere blanche en demi cercle autour du 

 -■■-■ cou. La poitrine eft blanche, awec une legere teinte de rouge, 13 



•des lignes noir^s tranf'vtrftales, Les grandes plumes des ailesftont d^un hrun ohjcur, a la refer-ve 

 d^une grande liftere blanche qui en tra^verje cinq au milieu de chaque azle» . Les plumes de la 

 queue, except e les trois plus hautes, ont aujji deux t aches blanches pres de leurs bouts* Le plu" 

 mage du refte du corps eft brun, ^ mele irregulicrefnent, oupluiot marhre d^un rouge ob/cur^ 

 Les jambesftont Jcrt courtes, n^ ay ant quun demi pouce de longueur, ^ font formees comme celles 

 du tette-chenjte ; ay'ant auffiune ?nembrane dentelee en dedans du doigt du milieu de chaque pik^ 

 .J\ai ftait mention de (;et Oifteau dans mes Additions a ce njolume ', mais en ayant depuis 

 re^u deux de Virginie, je me ftuis troupe en etat d'*en donner la figure, y d^ajouter encore 

 a la defcription qu^on en trowve ici quelques remarques, qui m'ont ete en^voyees pa^ 



Mr, Clayton ^r le meme fujet, les void : 

 '' * Le Wh\ppoovwi\l n eft pas ft gros que r Oi/eau, qu^on appelle /a Tette-chevre> mais 



* .'pour la taille i3 pour la couleur de ftes .plumes, il lui reftemble forty ayant aufft a chaque 

 c6te de la houche Ifois ou q'uaire poils roides, comme ceux de la a iniere d 'un che*val, f*f de 

 la longueur de deux ou trois pouces* Ges Oifeaux nous rendent liftte "vers la Mi-Avril ; ^ 

 depuis ce ttmps lajufqu^a la fin de Juin, on les entend toutes les nuits: ils commencent fur la 

 brune, ^ contimient jufqtia la poiiite du jour ', mais c^eft principalement dans le haut dtt 



^*,tays^ y dans les quartiers du Couchant qu Us font en fres grand nombre, ye n^enai jamais 



* oui qu^unfeulfur n&s cotes maritimes, quoi que fy ai toujoursfait monfejour ; mais pres des 

 V montagnes, peu de minutes apres le coucher dujoleil, ih commencent, t^ font toute la nuit 



un bruit ft -violent, iff ft aigre^ 13 que les echos des rochers 13 des cotes des montagnes 

 redouhlent a tel point, que la premiere fois quej^y logeai, j^eus de la peine a frendre quelque 

 'f fomnwL Les tuer a coups de fuftl pendant la nuit eft une chofe irh-difticile ; l^ Us ne 

 * . par ciffent jamais de jour, Leur cri eft affezfemhiable aujon de la pronor^ elation de ces trots 

 ^mmonoftllabesi Whip-poor-will, a-vec une forte de claquement entre chacun de ces mots^ 



* ou apres les deux premiers, ou apres les trois, en appuyant toujeurs fortement fur le dernier^ 

 *•■• Will, i^ moinsfur le feccnd, que fur aucun autie . 



* Zfj Indiens 'uous difftnt que ces Oifeaux ont ete inconnus jvfqu^au temps d^un gr anil 

 ^^maftacre qui fut fait de leurs cojnpatriotes par les Au^o\s ; ^ que ce font les dmes cu les 



* efprits des Indiens 7naffacres qui rewnnent. ^antite de nos gens les regardent ici co?nme 

 ^'"'dts oifeaux de tnauvais augute, '^ font fort triftes',' s^il arrive qu^un de ces Animaux 

 ^^^ienne percher fur leurs toiiis, ou pres de leurs porta, 13 yf aire entendre fon cri, comme 



* ils font quelquefois fur lefeuil meme ; car en ce cas ils croyent fermement que quelqu^un de 

 S lafamille htourra bientot apres* Du refte ces Oijeaux, comme fen ete infcrme de bonm ■ 



* -.part^ nichent 13 font leurs asufs exaBement ccmme les Tette-chevrcs, dont on a parley 



* f^a'voir de la maniere fuinjante : ils neftnt a la fois que deux ceufs a^un brun njerddtre^^ 

 ,?.. 13 tachetes ou griffones de noir qu'ils depofent dans les fntiers les plus battus, fans la 

 "• moihdre appdrence ie nid, k3 quails cou^ent d\'ne fnankre tres clofe, jufqu^ afouffrit 



* qu^on fes approche defort pres, anjant de s*m'volerJ* ' . 



Ceft ici le dernier de tous les Oifeaux reprefenth dans les deux ^volumes de cet Ouvraj^^ 

 ■qui en contient 115. en tout, t3 dd^s kquelfont aufp continus tous les Oifeaux de ierre que 

 J aye jamais 'vus ou que j^ aye pu decowvrir dans la partie de /'Amerique Septentrionale 

 tenfermee entre It '^o, {^ le 2^^, degrede latitude \ 13 quoi qi^il en refte encore prehablement 

 entre ces limites plufteurs genres qui nous font inconnus, cependant ft on les paffe du cote .du 

 Nord, je ne penfe pas qu^on puifte raifonnablMent fuppoferqu^n^irGWvera beaucoup de 

 nouudles efpeces, parceque nonfeulement il n^y a que peu d^Oifeaux au de lades homes qu^on 

 <vient de marquer ^vers le Nord, mais qu^auftt les animaux en general, 13 in particulier le$ 

 oifeaux dimtnuent en nombre d'' efpeces a mefure quails approcbent du Pole% 



I 



Le Ginseng des Cbi/im, 



7" E X5infeng efl la racke d^ une plants -medicrnals fort efiim/s pdrmt les Chinois., , Leurs prinapausi 



JL/ me'decim ont krit plufieurs valumet coneernant ces vertuf-. La pliijpirt des artfeurs,oui ont traite di 



la Chine, noublient pas de fain mention du Ginfeng : avec t^ut ceia, il etoit peu connu avant que 



/.? P. Jartoux, Jejulte & Mijfwnaire a la Chine, ayant ete' employe' par ordre de PEtnpereur a f aire uHk 



carte dela Tartarie en 1 709, eut occajion de -voir cette Pl4nte, creijjknt dans un •village, environ d austrt 



lit'ues du royaume de Coree. Ce Pere prit cette occafmi de la diffiner, (^ d^ en f aire une defcription exaBe 



^qui ayant etc puhliee dans les Mcniofres '"^de P^-cadetfiie Royals des Sciences ^d Paris, donna occafioh d la 



tieeowv^rtedela mvme PlanteenC3naAa& enVendlvanie; ^c'efi de ce dernier endroit quelle fut en'voyee a 



^r, Colhnfon, ^uilamitdansfoncurieuxjardindePtckhAmy ou elle a produit cette annee 1 746, ©* les 



^deux prece'dentes, fesfieurs^ fes bayes, telks ^uelles font reprefente'es dans la figure ici jointe, £? qui con' 



^icnncntfi exaElement a la description du Ginfeng (/trj Chinois donnee par le Miffionnairey qu'on tie petit 



'douter quecenefbit la mtmeefpece quit ade'crite, Mais comme ce qu'il in dit eft trop long pour etre infers 



ici, je^ n*en rapport erai que ce quHy a de p/us rettiavquabley en ajoutant d ma figure la fieur entiere que le 



H'ere avdue n"" avoir jamais •vue. Void les prOpres paroles du fefuite ; 



* A Pegard des lieux oii crvlr cette Racine, on pcut direen ge'ie'ral que c^ef entre le 39, ^ /? 46. de'jrre 

 '■* de latitude Septentrionale, fur le penchant des montagnes, dans les fovtts epaifj'es, &** fur le bord des ra-^ 

 ~ ■ 'Les CTidrcits oit elle I'ient font tntoures de tous cotes de pieux de bois, autour defauels des p-ardes 



•Vines, 



* rodent continueUement, pour emf^xber ^« Chinois de fortir, ^ de Paller chercber : cependant quelqu'i 

 I * •vigilance ^uon apporte, Vavidite du gain hfpire aux Chinois le fecre( de fe ^liffcr dans ces deferii 



- » "" */'-'y) •• "'■* ""■'*t ji«tv«it.o t* M«cf iu.ii.uyzi cit.'.-Tj.Lfiici tvui tcr quits ^ourroieyiz aeijinicng, d 



Jicotiditien que chacun d^eu'x en donneroit d fa Majejle' deux cnces du meiUeur, ^ que le rcfie feroit paye' poids 



* pour poids a-vec de Pargantfin. Par ce mayen on comptoit que PEmp:reur en auroit cette anne'e-ld environ 

 , * 'pingt milk livres Chinoifcs, qui rtelui coutercient gueres que la quatriemepartie de ce quelles ifalent, 



* Lei ti^edecihtdeJa CMne, djoute-t-il, le 'fSnt entrer dant toUs let remedcs quails donnent aux grands 



* feigneurs, Jls pretendent qiie cc(i un remcde fowverain pour les epuifcmens cauje's par des travaux excejjift 



* de corps ^ d'efprit, qu' elle dif out les flcgmes, qu^slle guerit la foiblcffe des poumons ^ la pleunfie, qutUe 



' Ok ne pent gueres s'magimr qiie les Chinois ^ hs Tartares/^rwVw/ un/ grand cas de cette Racine, fi 



* elk ne produijoft conjiammrnt de bont effetu Ceux n:emLS, qui Je portent biev, en ujent fouvent pour fe 

 ^ rendre robuftezi^ & je juh pexfuac.e% quUntre let mains Ja Europeens qui entendcnt /^ Pharmacie ce 



en examiner la 

 nature du mal 



en augmente le 

 fenJibU 



" Aprh Pa-voir dcfjinc'e, continue t-il, je me tatat fe poux, Je pn's enfuite la moitie' de cette Racine toutt 



* crue^ fans aucune preparation & une hcureaprh, je me trowvai le poux beaucoup plus phin & phis vif: 



* feus de Pappetit: je me jentis beaucoUp plus de 'vigueur, ^ une faci lite pour le travail que je navois pas 

 ' aupara-vant. S^uatre jours apres, me trowvant fi fattgue' & fi ipuife, qu'd peine poimois je me tenir a 

 ' cbevalj un Mandarin de notrc troupe qui s'en apper^ut, me donna une de ces Racines : fen pris for U 



* champ la moitie -^^^ une hcure aprh, je ne rcjlcnth plus dt foibUJfe, J' en ai ufe' depuis afjm fowvent^ 



* toujours a'vec le meme fucccs** Jufqu'ici le P. Jartoux. 

 Cette Plante s'e'lcve environ a la hauteur de dix pouces, £f a une tige droiie (j? ronde, Du fommet de la titre 



j^ ....... . . . . .... J £ 



em 



circulairement, forment les rayons d'une fphere, Ces bayes font doubles, Nontenant chacune deux fcmencet 

 plattes & apres, couvertes d'*une pcau mince. Les feurs font trespetites, ©* compofes de cinq pelales ronds 

 ^ blancsy avec cinq etamines £r un pi fill, qui fort d^un calke avec cinqfegmens. 



La rarine efi blanche, & trois ou quatre fois plus groffe que la tige j mais elk diminue toujours jufqu'au, 



bout: elle efi ordinairement de la longueur de trois pQuces, plus ou moiniy (^ quehmfoii elle fe partagt fs ^tuM 

 0u trois branches* 



