80 



direct contact with a leper or with an object touched by him. In both 

 cases, however, it is the same type of leper which is dangerous, namely 

 those with open lesions, patients free from such lesions not being a 

 source of infection through flies. 



Orenstein (A.). Zur Technik der moskitosicheren Hausereindrahtung. 

 [The technique of mosquito screening.] — Archiv fiir Schiffs- und 

 Tropen-Hygiene, Leipzig, xviii. no. 1. Jan. 1914, pp. 16-21, 2 figs. 



Yerandas are indispensable for houses in the tropics. The frames of 

 doors and windows fitted wath metalHc gauze screens against mosquitos 

 are prone to warp and suffer from cleaning, and repairs are costly and 

 unsatisfactory ; moreover the chemical action of air, dust, and rust 

 all have the effect of closing up the meshes, thus preventing the ingress 

 of hght and air. These evils are less noticeable on large surfaces such 

 as provided on verandas. The first cost of veranda screens is high, 

 but up-keep expenses are insignificant when compared with those 

 entailed by screening doors and windows. Where money is not avail- 

 able for protection for the entire veranda, a portion only may be fitted 

 up. A door suitable for the tropics should not warp, should open 

 outwards and close again quickly. The author states that it is difficult 

 to construct a really satisfactory screened door, but if one is imperative, 

 the metaUic gauze should be guarded by a wide-meshed wire netting. 

 The frame requires stiffening with a diagonal lath or steel rod, which 

 latter should be divided in the middle, the cut ends being fitted into a 

 sleeve permitting the tension to be increased. Windows must be 

 constructed so as to allow of screens being placed outside them by 

 screwing the wooden screen-frame on to them. Movable screens are 

 not practicable. Ventilators must be protected. The full breadth 

 of the roll of metallic gauze should be used, as the finished edges afford 

 a purchase for drawing it tight. The single gauze surfaces must not 

 exceed 5 feet in height as they are then too weak. Many experiments 

 conducted at Panama have shown that the gauze must contain 90 

 per cent, of copper and not more than 5 per cent. iron. As a general 

 rule 18 meshes to the inch should be chosen. If No. 31 B.W.G. wire 

 be used for the gauze — and this has proved to be the best — then 67 '4 

 per cent, of the area allows air to pass. The gauze must be fastened 

 with copper tacks covered with wooden moulding. Copper is 

 necessary to prevent destructive electrolysis. In badly infested 

 mosquito districts the outer doors should be provided with a mosquito- 

 proof ante-chamber. That protection is of real practical use is proved 

 by the figures given by the author covering the years 1909-1911. 



GiEMSA (G.). Ueber die weitere Vervollkomnung des Muckenspray- 

 verfahrens (Konspersionsmethode). [Improvements in spraying 

 methods against mosquitos.] — Archiv. fiir Schiffs- mid Tropen- 

 Hygiene, Leipzig, xviii, no. 1. Jan. 1914, pp. 26-29. 



The author's first paper on this subject was pubHshed in the same 

 journal in August 1911, page 533. He now states that this new method 

 having proved practicable, further investigation to obtain greater 

 perfection and cheapness of the spray-fluids was undertaken and is 

 being continued. Without the addition of the expensive pyrethrum 

 tincture, soap solutions alone may be used with good results. Spraying 



