169 



infected with the latter and kept in another cage were beUeved to have 

 acted as carriers. Some well-fed individuals were taken from the 

 dead canary and placed on two fresh birds, and after seven days one 

 of them became infected and died of spirochaetosis. It is not certain 

 if the mites transmit this infection by their bites, or owing to being 

 swallowed by the birds, but it is considered evident that canary mites, 

 and probably fowl mites also, are able to transmit Spirochaeta gal- 

 linarum. 



Knab (F.). Simuliidae de Chile Septentrional. [Sinmliidae of North 

 Chili.] — Aiiales de Zoologia aplicada, Santiago {Chili), i, no. 1, 

 April 1914, pp. 17-22, 1 fig. 



Three species of Simuliidae found by C. E. Porter in North Chili 

 are recorded, one being new : — Simulium annulatum, Phihppi, 

 S. escomeli, Roubaud, and S. tenuipes, sp. n. 



ScHUBERG (A.) & BoiNG (W.). Ueber die Uebertragung von Krank- 

 heiten durch einheimische stechende Insekten. [On the 



transmission of diseases by indigenous biting insects.] — Arh. 

 Kaiserl. Gesimdheits., Berlin, xlvii, no. 3, April 1914, pp. 491-512. 



In 1912, Schuberg and Kuhn showed that the transmission of 

 anthrax either from the bodies of dead or sick animals to healthy ones 

 by Stomoxys calcitrans was possible. These results w^ere obtained 

 by observations on mice and guineapigs. Experiments have now 

 been extended to larger animals, viz., goats and sheep. The spleen 

 of guineapigs strongly infected with anthrax was used as the infective 

 material to be absorbed by the flies, and in the tests of infectivity 

 precautions were taken by kilhng the flies with ether or with steam 

 in such a way as not to interfere with the possibihty of cultivating 

 anthrax from their bodies. 



The general results went to show that in only one case was there 

 any certain transmission of the disease to a sheep, and the authors 

 were satisfied that the possibihty of danger of infection through the 

 bites of this fly is real, though probably only one of many means by 

 which the infection is spread. The incidence of anthrax in Germany 

 between the years 1902 and 1911 in cattle and in sheep is reviewed, 

 and it appears that the period of maximum is not the same for the 

 two animals, which may have an important bearing upon the possibility 

 of transmission of the disease by biting flies. The possibihty of flies 

 obtaining infective material from cattle dead of the disease, in Germany 

 at all events, is very hmited, as the removal of the hides of such animals 

 is forbidden and, therefore, the access of flies to infected material is 

 greatly restricted. Experiments on the possibility of the conveyance 

 of Streptococcus by Stomoxys calcitrans are described, and it is 

 concluded that this is quite possible, if the flies have had access to an 

 infected source within 24 hours before biting. 



A Hst of important papers on the conveyance of disease by flies is 

 given at the end of the article. 



(C89) a2 



