16 



Anophelines and consequently of malarial centres in so varied an area 

 is difficult to define. It is in some way connected with the geographical 

 features of the country and from that point of view the breeding- 

 places, or zones of breeding-places, may be grouped as follows : — 

 Those at the bottom of valleys, those at river mouths or deltas, those 

 of the sea-shore, of the plains, of the plateaux, and artificial breeding- 

 places. 



Taken as a whole, the south-eastern region appears to be relatively 

 slightly mosquito-infested compared with other parts of France, 

 although mosquitos occur frequently in the South and some littoral 

 districts. Apart from the valleys and littoral zones and doubtless 

 other points in the interior not yet located, it offers, with its massive 

 mountains and hills often extending to the sea, a vast area where 

 malaria has small chances of becoming established. 



Leger (L.) & MouRiQUAND (G.). Anophcles et anciens Foyers 

 paludiques dans les Alpes. [Anophelines and Malarial Centres in 

 the Alps.] — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxvii, no. 13, 

 23rd September 1918, pp. 461-463. 



The greatest altitude at which Anophelines have been met with 

 in the Alps is 4,950 feet, at Villar-d'Arene, where nearly full-grown 

 larvae of A. bifurcatus have been found in mid- August in almost 

 stagnant water of a temperature of 68° F. Other apparently suitable 

 sites containing Cidex at greater altitudes (6,000 feet) have been 

 found free from Ano'plieles. At lower levels Anopheline sites become 

 more and more frequent, A. bifurcatus and A. nmculipennis occurring 

 in great numbers at about 3,700 feet. Below 3,600 feet A . maculipennis 

 is the dominant species in summer, A. bifurcates being discovered 

 only at the end of spring. Near Grenoble (3,300 feet) both species 

 have been found in abundance in August. At Modane (3,222 feet) 

 several breeding places of A. maculipennis have been discovered, 

 while at 3,300 feet in water comparatively cold (57° F.) only 

 A. bifurcatus has been found. Below 3,000 feet the sites are more 

 extensive, and A. maculipennis is the dominant species, at least in 

 summer. 



Though Anophelines are thus widely distributed, outbreaks of 

 malaria, which appear to have been always rare and local, have actually 

 disappeared. The disease does not appear to be capable of maintaining 

 itself at altitudes greater than 2,100 to 2,400 feet ; even then special 

 conditions of temperature are necessary, such as those obtaining in the 

 deeply embanked plain of Bourg d'Oisans, where the summer tempera- 

 ture is specially high. 



These mountains therefore constitute an excellent environment in 

 summer for malarial convalescents, both from their security, from the 

 prophylactic point of view, and from the beneficial action of altitude 

 on malarial anaemia. Altitude has also a beneficial effect on the 

 number and frequency of malarial attacks. 



Legendre (J.). Note sur les Stegomyia de Tamatave. [A Note on the 

 Stegomyia of Tamatave.]— C.i?. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxi, no. 16, 

 12th October 1918, pp. 832-833. 

 Besides Stegomyia fasciata, which is known to occur throughout the 



coast of Madagascar, the author records the presence at Tamatave, 



