78 



DoFLEiN (R). Weitere Mitteilungen iiber mazedonische Malariamttcken. 



[Further Communications on Macedonian Anophelines.] — Miinch- 

 ener Med. Wochenschr., Munich, Ixv, no. 44, 29th October 1918, 

 pp. 1214-1216. 



Besides Anopheles maculipennis. Mg., and A. palestinensis, Theo. 

 {superpictus, Gr.), mentioned in a previous paper [see this Review, 

 Ser. B, vi, p. 191], A. hifurcatus has been found in Macedonia, where 

 its larvae are probably able to hibernate, which apparently is not 

 normally the case with the other species. So far the Danube region 

 of Rumania and Bulgaria is the only area where the author has 

 foimd A. pseudopictus. A. palestinensis is the typical form in the 

 ravine streams near Uskub, Veles, Monastir, Lake Doiran, etc., and 

 its larvae are always found with their posterior-ends applied to the 

 rocky sides of the streams and their heads reaching into the current. 

 This habit renders useless draining and oiling, which have proved 

 very successful in Macedonia against the other species. Mention is 

 made of the fact that algae exposed under water to strong sunhght 

 give off bubbles of oxygen enabling the larvae to remain submerged 

 right into the night, when they are compelled to breathe at the surface. 

 A. palestinensis may be dealt with by erecting dams to permit the 

 accumulation of sufficient water to flush the stream bed from time to 

 time. Owing to the great quantity of loose stones and rubble in 

 the ravines even a fairly large stream disappears after some distance. 

 In the pools between the running water and the dry bed are the 

 breeding-places of the Anophelines. Flushing carries the larvae 

 down to the dry stones, where they perish. It is said that the Bulgarian 

 military authorities adopted the author's plan with great success in 

 a number of cases and that the walls also proved of great value in 

 preventing landslides of the loose stones and in assisting irrigation. 

 Wide climatic differences exist between north and south Macedonia 

 and between localities at different altitudes, and these result in Anophe- 

 line development in the south being advanced by 10 to 14 days. 

 The males of A. maculipennis and A. palestinensis die early in the 

 winter ; it is the fertilised females of the last autumn generation 

 that hibernate in caves, houses, cowsheds and stables. Contrary to 

 many statements, they were constantly found in stables. As a rule 

 the hibernating females remain in a torpid condition on the walls, 

 but if disturbed, they may fly and bite in mid-winter. It is, however, 

 chiefly in spring that they may be seen in warm rooms, and if these 

 be dark, they may feed during the daytime. 



PiTTALUGA (G.) & DE BuEN (S). Especies espanolas del Genero 

 Phlebofomns. [Spanish Species of the Genus Phlebotomus.] — Bull. 

 R. Soc. Espanola Hist. Nat., Madrid, xviii, nos. 7-8, July- October 

 1918, pp. 377-385. 



This paper adds some additional data to that published in a previous 

 article [see this Revieio. Ser. B, vi, p. 49]. To the three species of 

 Phlebotomus recorded from Spain, the authors now add P sergenti, 

 which is stated not to have been previously recorded outside Africa 

 [see however this Revieiv, Ser. B, vii, p. 30]. Descriptions of the species 

 are given, and recent literature on the subject of their known and 

 suspected connection with various diseases is briefly reviewed. 



