136 



and it is in favourable spots on these banks that the pupae are found, 

 wherever possible in pure sand or otherwise in sand mixed with earth, 

 or in soil only, provided that it is sufficiently loose. When the wooded 

 belts beside rivers or streams are inhabited by G. brevipalpis or by 

 G. fusca, their pupae are found in similar situations to those of 

 G. palpalis, and may even occur with them. G. morsitans, while it does 

 not avoid the neighbourhood of water if the foliage is not too dense, 

 generally prefers a large area of moderately wooded land, even 

 without water, and the same may be said of G. pallidipes. G. brevipalpis, 

 while preferring the forest belts beside the rivers, adapts itself also 

 to the haunts of G. morsitans and G. pallidipes. G. fusca inhabits 

 only large tracts of forest and does not seek water. Isolated individuals 

 or groups of pupae may at any time be found under any favourable 

 conditions, but there are certain preferred positions where they are 

 most surely to be found. These are large trunks of felled or uprooted 

 trees lying horizontally or slightly obliquely, whether living or dead. 

 Low-growing vegetation also has some influence on the choice of 

 breeding-places. It must not be too dense or the fly cannot find a 

 suitable spot owing to the numerous small roots binding the soil 

 together, and it must not be absent because, although sufficient shade 

 might be provided by surrounding trees, the flies would not have the 

 necessary support at the moment of expulsion of the larvae. Pupae 

 have, however, occurred without vegetation where the branches of 

 trees are sufficiently near to the ground, and have also been found 

 on the ground itself, immediately under dead leaves. 



VAN DEN Eeckhout (M. A.). Du Traitement de la Gale sarcoptique 

 chez le Cheval. [Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange in Horses.] — 

 Ann. Med. Vet., Brussels, Ixiv, no. 3-4, March-April 1919, pp. 

 112-115. [Received 23rd June 1919.] 



Mange in horses is communicated directly by contact with infected 

 animals or indirectly by contact with harness, vehicles and other 

 objects that have been in close proximity to infested animals. These 

 should be treated with milk of lime, which can be used for stable walls, 

 etc., and concentrated creoline solution for harness and objects that 

 are too valuable to burn. 



The life-history of the mite [Sarcoptes scabiei equi] is briefly given. 

 The treatment recommended as being efficacious, as well as easily 

 applied, is the rubbing in by means of a hard brush, so as to penetrate 

 through the skin into the burrows of the following ointment : carbonate 

 of soda, water, brown soap, sulphur and creoline one part by volume 

 of each. The carbonate of soda is dissolved in water and the other 

 ingredients added in the above order to form a liquid paste. Before 

 use the paste should be well stirred and diluted with 5 parts by volume 

 of water. 



Each treatment should be continued for about half an hour, after 

 which the horse should be well washed down with clean water and 

 dried. The treatment should be repeated 4 times at intervals of 3 to 

 4 days. 



One of the advantages of this treatment is that it does not c^use 

 shedding of the coat. 



