191 



1916 and 1917, 45 likely haunts were examined from which the follow- 

 ing species were collected from the manure of various animals in 

 addition to those previously recorded by Graham-Smith [see this 

 Revietv, Ser. B, iv, p. 143] : Sciara sp. ; Scatopse notata ; Scatopse sp. ; 

 Dilophusfebrilis; Bibio hortulanus ; B. johannis ; Psychodids; Tipula 

 spp. ; Rhyphus fenestralis ; Sargus cuprarius ; Chloromyia formosa ; 

 Microchrysa polita ; Ascia podagrica ; Eristalis tenax ; E. arbustoruiii ; 

 Syritta pipiens ; Tachina sp. ; Graphomyia sp. ; Crytoneura caesia ; 

 MoreUia Jiortorum ; Anthomyia spp, ; Phorbia {Chortophila) cinerella ; 

 Pegomyia socia ; Tephrochlanys rufiventris ; Lonehaea vaginalis ; 

 Sepsis sp. ; Borborus equiniis ; Limosina sylvatica ; and Stenopteryx 

 hirundinis. Larvae of Dolichopodids were found in soil near cow 

 manure and pupae of Musca domestica in horse manure, but adults were 

 not successfully reared. The Chelifer, Chernes nodosus, was found in 

 February and in March in dryish cow manure at a temperature of about 

 95° F. Those found in March were carrying egg-masses. Gamasid 

 mites were abundant in the same heap. Apparently no preference is 

 shown by larvae for any particular portion of a manure heap, but in a 

 few cases they were found in the darkest spots. 



The parasites reared include : two Ichneumonids, Atractodes 

 tenebricosus, Grav., and A. exilis, Hal., and a Figitid from pupae of 

 Hydrotaea dentipes ; one Ichneumonid from a pupa of Lonehaea 

 vaginalis or of Anthomyia radicum ; numbers of a Proctotrupid, 

 Diapria conica, F., were extracted dead from 3 pupae of Eristalis tenax. 



During the summer and autumn of 1916 observations were made to 

 ascertain the distribution of adult flies in human dwellings and other 

 places both in town and outlying districts, details of which as well as 

 the methods employed are given. M. domestica was most abundant 

 in towns and in inhabited farm buildings m the neighbourhood of horse 

 manure, where it was found outside up to 2nd December and indoors 

 up to the end of December. In outlying buildings the majority of 

 Diptera found were Scatopkaga sp., Sarcophaga sp., Stomoxys sp., 

 Borborids and Anthomyids. Traps set up at two derelict houses 

 where the surrounding ground of about 30,000 acres had been under 

 water for 9 months attracted 2 M. domestica, 1 Stomoxys calcitrans, 

 1 Pollenia rudis and 4 Calliphora erythrocepkala, of which the last laid 

 eggs on the bait. 



Experiments made to ascertain the temperature generated in a 

 horse manure heap and the number of flies emerging therefrom show 

 that lightly packed fresh manure reaches the maximum temperature 

 during the first 3 days, after which a fairly rapid but steady fall takes 

 place ; 1,141 flies emerged under these conditions. Tightly packed 

 fresh manure registers a superficial temperature similar to the above 

 but the deeper portions retain a higher temperature for a longer tmie, 

 which eventually drops suddenly ; from this 680 flies emerged. 

 Manure loosely thrown up after having been treated incrementally, 

 i.e., spread out in a thin layer and sprayed evenly with about 1 gal. 

 creosote oil mixture to the ton of manure, showed a comparatively lower 

 mean temperature and a quicker fall than in the above experiments. 

 Although the oil did not entirely inhibit the development of flies only 

 262 emerged. This total of 2,083 flies, of which about 99|% were 

 M. domestica, began emerging about the 12th day ; the majority 

 appeared in 5 days, but the whole period of emergence lasted about a 



