LIFE-HISTOBY OF VANESSA C-ALBUM. 259 



whiteness ; the spaces between the keels are slightly concaved, 

 and very slightly ribbed transversely, only showing on that 

 portion of the egg which is in high light. The colour is a clear 

 green with whitish granulations, giving the appearance of a fine 

 cellular pattern and appearing somewhat under the surface, and 

 only visible on the shaded portion of the shell ; the base is 

 rounded and apparently smooth; the operculum is granular and 

 slightly convex. 



I examined a large number of eggs, and found the keels to be 

 either ten or eleven in number, but eleven to be most frequent. 

 The colour begins to change about four days before hatching, 

 gradually turning more opaque and somewhat yellower, and 

 showing a darkish blotch about the middle which slowly grows 

 more distinct, and then the dark head of the larva appears 

 visible under the surface of the crown ; the egg then deepens into 

 a dark grey-green, and finally the crown becomes black. The 

 young larva makes its exit by eating away the operculum unt'il 

 the aperture is sufficiently large to allow its head to protrude, 

 when it crawls very slowly out of the shell and at once creeps to 

 the under surface of the leaf, and thereon spins a slight web and 

 commences feeding. 



On May 4th, larvas began to hatch out from the eggs first 

 deposited, having been about seventeen days in the egg. Directly 

 after emergence the little larva measures x^2 in. in length. The 

 body, legs, and claspers are of a pale ochreous tinged with 

 green, especially on the anterior segments ; the 4th, 6th, 8th, 

 10th and 11th segments are rather darker than the rest of the 

 body, these five segments being of a rusty-brown hue, giving 

 the larva a somewhat banded appearance ; each segment con- 

 sists of large swollen prominences, those on the dorsal surface 

 being very large and elevated, those of the lateral region are 

 more compressed ; the dorsal pair on each segment are the 

 largest, and from the apex of each rises a long gently curving 

 hair tapering ofl' into a very fine point ; the sub-dorsal pair are 

 conical in form and are united at their bases, and one placed 

 slightly above the other, the lowest one being directly above the 

 spiracle ; both these terminate by a long hair, the upper one 

 curving forwards and the lower one curving backwards ; im- 

 mediately below the spiracle is a double globular wart, the 

 anterior portion bearing two hairs, one curving slightly forwards 

 and downwards, the other directed backwards and downwards, 

 the posterior half bears one hair which curves upwards and 

 backwards. All the hairs are simple, finely pointed, and have 

 bulbous bases excepting the dorsal ones ; all are black with light 

 tips. The claspers are very ample, and have two delicate whitish 

 finely pointed spines, both directed downwards; the foot is black. 

 The greater part of the surface of the larva has a granular efi'ect, 

 especially on the under surface, where it is clothed with ex- 



