260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



tremely minute blackish points ; the head is shining black and 

 beset with hairs ; the spiracles are black. When nine days 

 old, and before the first moult, it measures ^ in. long. The 

 ground colour is clear brown inclining to ochreous (palest on the 

 under surface), and chequered with dark-brown and white, and 

 studded with black warts, each emitting a long hair as described 

 above, but now all the hairs are stiffened and appear as fine 

 bristles ; the dorsal half of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th 

 segments are white, also the greater part of the anal segment ; 

 the remaining segments are brown dorsally (appearing dark- 

 brown from the presence of the black warts on the sienna-brown 

 ground colour), which form a strong contrast with the white ; the 

 entire surface is particularly glossy, and the white resembling 

 marble. The head, legs, and claspers remain unchanged. 



The larva generally rests in a nearly straight position, but 

 sometimes a good deal curved in the form of a fish-hook, but more 

 often only slightly curved ; it lives entirely upon the under sur- 

 face of the leaf, and spins a fine layer of silk between the ribs 

 upon which it rests. After each meal it turns round, and 

 retracing its steps rests in the same place as before, and with its 

 head furthermost from the part eaten ; it feeds upon the spines, 

 smaller ribs, and whole substance of the leaf excepting the 

 largest mid-ribs, making large perforations in the leaf. During 

 the act of defecation the larva elevates the posterior end, and, 

 curving the anterior part of its body round, it takes the excrement 

 in its mouth and jerks it away ; if not successful in its first 

 attempt to jerk it aside, it brushes it from its mouth with the 

 long stiff dorsal hairs on the hinder segments. 



Directly after emergence from the egg the larva, upon being 

 touched, exudes a bead of greenish black fluid from its mouth, 

 and remains immediately afterwards perfectly still, as if para- 

 lysed, but only for about fifteen or twenty seconds. 



Since the hatching of the eggs the weather remained dull and 

 cold, the average day temperature being only about 62° ; there- 

 fore the growth of the larva during the first stage was un- 

 doubtedly considerably retarded. The first moult occurred on 

 May 14th, when a large number moulted. 



Before second moult the larva, when fourteen days old, 

 measures -io in. in length, and rather stout in proportion ; the 

 ground colour is pale drab, shading into ivory-white on the 

 lateral and under surface, chequered with brownish black ; there 

 are seven longitudinal rows of spines placed medio-dorsal, sub- 

 dorsal, super- spiracular, and sub-spiracular, each spine termi- 

 nating in a rather long finely-pointed bristle, and bearing other 

 shorter and very fine bristles ; all the spines are black, excepting 

 those on the 5th, 7th, and 9th segments of the medio- and sub- 

 dorsal rows, which are white, the white spreading over the dorsal 

 surface of those segments, and is very conspicuous ; the bases of 



