20 PARNASSIUS. B.\' H. Stichel. 



reversible fleshy fork; the body is covered with short-haiiy warts; apparently living gregareously when 

 5'oung; some species show a great liking for sunshine, wliile others are concealed in daytime. They pupate 

 in a cocoon in the ground; the chrysalis is obtuse, thick, without conspicuous colours, being light brown or 

 dark, hoary. There is mostly only one brood, two broods having been observed only in the North-Western 

 Himalayas. 



1. Mnemosyne-Group. 



mnemosyne. P. mnemosyne L. (lOe). Wings white; the veins thinly black, fringes blackish; forewing with 



2 black cell -spots, distal margin in cf from the apex to about middle, in ? further down and also more 

 broadly, transparent -grey; hindwing dusted with black from the abdominal margin to the cell and at the 

 apex of the cell , more densely in ? than in cf . Antenna and legs l)lack , likewise the abdomen , the last 

 being covered with whitish hairs in the a', while in the ? it is nearly naked, glossy, bearing a whitish 

 bladder-like pouch which occupies nearly two -thirds of the undei'side. — Central Germany (Harz, Vogels- 

 berg), Silesia, Alps of Switzerland and Austria, South France, Pyrenees, in nearlj' all the crown -lands of 

 Austria-Hungar}^, the Bukovina, the Baltic provinces of Russia, Scandinavia, the Apennines, Sicily. Prefers 

 mountainous districts of an altitude from 300 to 1200 m, occurring rarely up to 1600 m, but l)eing met' 

 with also in the low lands on hills of only 180 m (Gzernowitz) ; at the higher altitudes found till July, at 

 lower elcA^ations in southern localities already at the end of April. The most northern localities mentioned 

 in literature where the insect has been found are Sundsvall and Hernosand (Sweden, about 62 to 63" n. lat.). — 

 Varies generally little. A rare aberration in which the cell-spots of the forewing are connected by a black 

 halteres. streak has received the name ab. halteres Musrli., and as ab. melaina Horn: (TOf) a form has been intro- 

 melaina. duced which is darkened by dense black dusting (occurring especially often in the ?) and which is found 

 everywhere among the ordinary form, being particularly often met with in Garinthia, Garniola, in the neigh- 

 borliood of Vienna, in Wallis, Transsylvania, and Austrian Silesia. In Garinthia, the environs of Friesach, 

 minor, at an elevation of from 630 to 750 m, there occurs a conspicuously small local form, minor Ueb. & Rocj., in which 

 the black spots of the forewing are reduced, the expanse being only 52 mm. In Bavaria and Salzkammergut 

 (Berchtesgaden), at an altitude of about 1000 m (June — July), the species has developed into a constant 

 hartmanni. melanotic form, hartmantli Hfgr., the cfo" of which bear an additional grey costal spot in between the 

 apical cell -spot and the widened and dull blackish transparent marginal band, having moreover the abdom- 

 inal border of the hindwing broadei' and more densely dusted with black; the ?? of this form are devel- 

 melaina. oped in the same direction as al). melaina, but are usually less dark in tint, have a very broad transparent 

 border to the forewing, sometimes a grey .S- shaped shadowy transverse band which emanates from the 

 costal spot above mentioned in the o^, and possess on the hindwing a more intensely coloured band -like 

 athene. marking behind the cell, extending from the abdominal l)order forward, and 1 or 2 costal spots. — athene 

 Stick, is the form inhabiting Greece (Ghelmos, Olenos) ; it bears a row of 4 or 5 whitish spots in the moder- 

 ately broad, posterioiij' sharply tapering transparent border of the forewing, otherwise agreeing rather well 

 with ordinary mnemosyne^ Init l)eing somewhat more stronglj- marked, therefore standing midway between the 

 nubilosus. former and the following form. — nubilosus Christ. (10 f) is the name of the race from Northern Persia 

 and the Caucasus; the white spots in the widened marginal border are more distinctly developed, forming 

 usually a submarginal band consisting of 7 or 8 wedge-shaped or luniform spots; the black markings are 

 intensified and extended, and in the ? there appears on the forewing a grey abbreviated band ])etween the 

 apical cell -spot and the transparent border, the forewing bearing further a grey spot at the hind margin 

 and the hindwing bearing an extended dusting of black beyond the cell, forming a kind of band. An en- 

 larged edition of this form from Central Asia (Kuldja, Alai), witli the black markings still more intensified 

 gigantea. and the transparent border more widened, is known as gigantea Stgr. (lOf): specimens of this race in which 

 ochracea. the ground-colour has assumed a slightlj' yellowish tint are called ab. ocliracea Aud. — The egg of the 

 species is conical, whitish. Larva cylindrical, tapering at both ends, black, short-hairy, the body ornam- 

 ented with orange spots; feeds in April and May on Cor3'dalis {mnemosyne typ. on G. halleri, G. cava, 

 G. solida), concealed in day-time. Pupation in the ground in a loose cocoon ; pupa thick, obtuse, hoary, luteous. 



stubben- P. stubbendorfi Men. (- immaculata Men.) (10 g). Dull white, the veins being black, forewing narrowly 



dorfi. grey at the costal edge, rather more broadly transparent - grey at the apex and distal margin; near the 

 apex a more or less distinct dark grey shadow}- transverse band; two grey spots in the cell, wlrich are 

 sometimes absent. Hindwing almost without pattern, only the abdominal border being somewhat dusted 

 with black ; on the underside sometimes some ^yellow hairs at the abdominal margin. Pouch of ? 

 whitish, similar to that of nuiemosync Antenna, legs and fringes of wings black. — There occur singly 

 specimens of the ? sex which are, as in the previous species, darkened all over, heing grey or blackish: 

 melanophia. ab. melanophia Honr. The markings of this aberration are indistinct or absent, not being visible on 

 the dark ground, and the abdomen is thinly convered with yellowish hairs. — Larva conspicuously 

 different from that of all other Parnassii, being similar to a large Agrotis caterpillar, black with 



