PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 23 



Southern Tyrol , the red basal spot occurs also in the cT. In ab. cardinalis Oherth. this basal spot is very cardinalis. 

 large, its black border is connected with the border of the enlarged anterior ocellus, the latter being joined 

 to the posterior ocellus by means of a black line. — Inhabitants of the liigher regions of the Western and 

 Central Alps, at altitudes varying from 1500 — 2600 m: Mont Blanc, Simplon , Glarus, Thur and Rhaetiau 

 Alps (Albula), in the Bernina district (Engadin), Ortler (Sulden, Trafoi, Stilfser Joch), etc. — Egg hemi- 

 spherical, with a brown dot and brown ring. Larva black, with yellow spots; on Saxifraga aizoides and 

 Sempervivuni montanuin. Pupa short, in a tlimsy cocoon, especially often underneath stones. — In the 

 East of the Palaearctic Region the species is represented by several local varieties: phoebus F. {— dXimc^ phoebus. 

 Men.) (lie) is the Central Siberian form; smaller than the European one, in cf the costal spots of forewing 

 usually without red, the anterior one sometimes with white pupil; submarginal band faint and abbreviated 

 or interrupted ; no spot at hind margin ; hindwing with red ocelli which are usually small , and sometimes 

 with a submarginal row of feeblj" marked black spots; the veins not rarely marked with well-defined elong- 

 ate black punctures. ? with better defined and more extended markings; vitreous margin of forewing 

 separated from the submarginal band by large white uniform spots ; the 2 costal spots often pupilled red, 

 connected with one another by black scaling, on disc sometimes blackish shadows; on hindwing a greyish 

 vitreous marginal band, distinct submarginal halfmoons, which are contiguous, forming a band, 2 larger red 

 ocelli, the posterior one occasionally with white pupil; anal spots sometimes intensified and one of them 

 filled in with red. In the central parts of South Siberia: Altai and Sajan Mts., Baikal district and Trans- 

 baicaha; Mongolia: Uliassutai. Hei'e belong presumably also some specimens distinguished by small size 

 (expanse 40 — 54 mm) recorded from the coast of the Okhotsk sea (Ajan and Gishiga). A small aberration ^ 



from Irkutsk, with reduced markings, the posterior ocellus being represented only by a small black dot, ^ 



has been named ab. sedakovii Mi-ii. From the same district a strongly darkened aberration of the ? has sedakovii. 

 been described as dis Gr.-Grsh. — It is remarkable that in the districts of the Lena, Vitim and Vilui, si- dis. 

 tuated north of Lake Baikal, so far no form of (/e/iiis has been found; only beyond (north of) the mount- 

 ain-chain of Werchojansk, in the valley of the Jana R., about as far north as the 69" L. (/. e. beyond the 

 arctic circle) the insect reappears in a slightly different form, interposita Herz. In size the same as pltochux interposita. 

 (expanse 57 — 65 mm), pure white, the vitreous marginal band very narrow, the ocelli of hindwing broadly 

 margined with black, bearing nearly ahva\s a white pupil and being larger than in phoebus. ? very sparselj' 

 scaled, of a glossy aspect. — intermedius Mm. is the name of a form which is the local race developed intermedins. 

 in Western Siberia (Tabargatai, hills bordering the Khirgiz Steppe). Larger than phodjus, the cf bears costal 

 spots with conspicuous red centre, at least in the proximal spot; submarginal band also strongly developed. 

 — In specimens from the Ural, which are larger, that band is sometimes extended to near the hind margin. 

 This race is called uralensis Men. In both this and the previous form the spot at hindmargin of forewing uralensis. 

 may be present or absent, the ocelli of hindwing are usually large, being with or without white pupil. The 

 ?? of the two forms are very similar: the wings more or less densely dusted greyish black, costal spots of 

 forewing large, filled in with light red, the spot at hind margin also being sometimes centred with red, the white 

 submarginal halfmoons smaller than in phoebus. Anal spots of hindwing sometimes connected with the ■ 

 posterior ocellus by means of a band-like shading, ocelli large, often pupilled with white. — corybas Fisch. corybas. 

 \d^ He, ? 13d) from Kamtchatka approaches again the European deliiis; being somewhat smaller, the sub- 

 marginal band of forewing feebly marked and only partly developed, hindmarginal spot present or absent, 

 the vitreous margin deeply reversed-crenate , costal spots and ocelli of hindwing filled in with pale red. 

 ? as in ? of intermedius, with more sharply marked pattern, costal spots well developed, 2 to 4 of them being 

 red internally; ocelli of hindwing large, deep red, in the type-specimen with white pupil; some specimens 

 dusted with black. — kamtschatica Min. being in (f not essentially different from corybas, the name may kamtscha- 

 at the most be kept for the very dark aberration of the ? originally described as this sex, corresponding tica. 

 in general aspect to ab. herrichii. 



Although the distinguishing characters of all these forms, which are mostly to be regarded as sub- • 

 species, are generally insignificant and not constant, the cTcf can be separated at least approximately correctly 

 according to these distinctions. However, the identification of the ??, which by the way bear often a red 

 basal spot on the upperside of the hindwing, depends sometimes entirely on the knowledge of their habitat. 

 The ?? described by the various authors as belonging to intermedius, uralensis, and kamtschatica are coni])ared 

 with herrichii, being therefore distinguished by the costal and hindmarginal spots of the forewing being con- 

 nected by black dusting. As the case of kamtschcttica proves, this dusting may be due to iiulividual variab- 

 ility, occurring rarely in European delius, more commonly in the Eastern??. Several other forms oi delius, 

 of which smintheus Doubl. is the best known, inhabit North America, being outside the scope of this volume. 



P. apollo L. is likewise a widely distributed and very variable species, which, hke the preceding, apollo. 

 is sejiarable according to certain general characteristics into more or less constantly different localized 

 forms.*) — The nomenclatorially typical apollo L. (= var. scandinavica Hare) (12a) is the North-Eastern 



*) All the forms of apollo regarded and characterized as local varieties (races or subspecies) are connected by inter- 

 gradations , and among the members of each form there occur more or less frequently individuals which exhibit the general 



