24 PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 



European form, distinguished by its large size; ground-colour of cf pure white, without or with very 

 faint submarginal markings on the forewing, spots intense in colour and large; ocelli of hindwing also 

 large, mostly broadly white internally, with heavy black border. ? more or less dusted with black, 

 the submarginal spots better marked. Scandinavia and Finland (the original of our figure from the latter 

 geminus. countiy). — geminus Sticli. is the designation of the ordinary form from the mountain - chains of median 

 bight in Central Europe, as far as there are no special names for the inhabitants of certain districts. 

 Smaller than the North-Eastern one; submarginal band on forewing as a rule incomplete, grey, more rarely 

 blackish, on hindwing very faint or absent; ocelU often white internally. In specimens trom higher alti- 

 tudes the pattern is more sharply marked and more extended, the ocelli being reduced. This form may be 

 montana. named ab. montana nor. (13a, d" at 1860 m from the Stilfser Joch road in the Southern Tyrol). The dev- 

 elopment and sliape of the spots of the forewing is, however, variable, the spots situated beyond the cell 

 are sometimes strongly reduced or the cell-spots have assumed a cordiform shape. Also the ?? of geminus 

 generally only moderatelj' dusted with grey, though exceptions are not rare (see nic/rkaHs). Especially in 

 the Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol, southward extending beyond the Italian frontier, in the Jura Mts., 

 the Limestone mountains near Vienna, in Lower Austria (Krems, Durrenstein) , and the Appenines. — The 



vinningensis. specimens from the Mosel valley and the Eiffel (West Germany) belong to the form vinningensis Sfich. 

 (= eifellensis Ausf., weskampi /. I.) (12a), distinguished by the wings being somewhat narrower; ground- 

 colour biillant white; hindwing witiiout submarginal band; ocelli kidney- or bean-shaped. ? slightly dusted 

 . carinthiciis. with black, ocelli larger, tendency to develop the ab. fasdata. — carinthicus nom. nov. (for minor L'eb. & Hog.)*) 

 is a small, sparsely scaled local form from Carinthia (Friesach), which has an expanse of only 60— 6'2 mm 

 in cf and 65 mm in ?; both sexes dusted with black-grey; forewing with broad vitreous marginal band; 

 hindwing with continuous submarginal band ; ocelli small, heavily bordered black, in o' mostly entirely tilled 



provincialis. in with red. — provincialis Kheil (12d) from South France (departement du Var, Languedoc, Provence) is 

 densely scaled white; in o"" the costal spots of forewing almost entirely missing, the black spot situated at 

 the apex of cell sometimes reduced, the submarginal band shortened; in ? the markings enlarged, costal 

 spots of forewing and submarginal band of hindwing present, on the whole without striking characteristics. 

 siciliae. — Better differentiated is siciliae Oberth. d" chalky white, with little blackish dusting, the ocelli broadly 

 filled in with white, and therefore the red reduced to a narrow ring; in ? the spots of forewing below 

 partly pupilled with red, both wings with submarginal macular band, that of forewing being sharply defined; 

 hindwing, besides, with vitreous marginal l)and which is slightly shaded with grey, the red colour almost 

 completely absent. Sicily, Madonia Mts., in July. — Sicily is inhabited by another, dwarfed, form: 

 ptimilus. pumilus Stich. (13c), which one might mistake for a form of delhts on superficial examination, except for 

 the hindmarginal spot of the forewing and the grey colour of the shaft of the antenna. Besides the small 

 size (length of forewing 32 mm) there are several other characteristics of this form: a very feeble sub- 

 marginal band, in one of the two known specimen scarcely noticeable, very small ocelli, feeble dusting at 

 the hindmargin of hindwing; on the underside all markings faint, only very thinly bordered with black. 

 melliculus. Exact locality not known. — melliculus Stick. (12 c) is a form generally remarkable for the rounded shape 

 of the wings; ground-colour pure white (specimens fresh from the chrysalis, in which the colour is not 

 sufficiently developed, are yellowish), very densely scaled, vitreous margin of forewing narrow, shortened, 

 the white ground-colour not rarely scalloped and touching the edge, the black spot large and heavy; hind- 

 wing with very large ocelli, broadly filled in with white, anal spots strongly developed, sometimes band-like, 

 being extended to the posterior ocellus, the wing otherwise without a trace of submarginal markings. ? 

 somewhat dusted with black in some places, ocelli specially large, inclination to develop the ab. gmj^hica, 

 hindwing with slight submarginal shading. Fringes of cT in both wings, of ? in hindwing for the greater part 

 pure white. Swabia, Lower Bavaria: district of the Danube near Donauworth and Regensburg, presumably 

 also with similar characteristics in the Black Forest, in Franconia and the Upper Palatinate, inclusive of the 

 pyrenaicus. Fichtelgebirge. — In pyrenaicus Hare. (13 b) a strong colour-contrast between the sexes is said to be a chief 

 characteristic; in cf the anal spots of hindwing are absent as a rule or vestigial, also the submarginal un- 



characteristics of tlie form only to a slight extent or do not sliow them at all. Therefore it must be left to personal inclination to 

 arrange the specimens in the collection either according to the individual peculiarities and independently of locality, or according 

 to the general characters of the forms, bearing in mind that one has to deal in each case with normal and exceptional specimens. 

 In consideration of a better understanding of the evolution of species , which is thought to obtain by the gradual splitting up 

 of a species into new forms with hereditary characters, the latter arrangement is by far preferable. Besides these localized 

 segregate units one distinguishes a numljer of individual aberrations. Though the names of these aberrations are not recog- 

 nized from a scientific point of view as applying to classificatory units and therefore are treated as being outside the law of 

 priority, an unrestricted enumeration of the names appears to be useful, since they are generally employed as a convenient and 

 popular means of understanding in the intercourse between Entomophilists for exchange and commerce. These individual forms 

 have their own peculiarities besides the general character of the subspecies (local variety), they reappear in the same way among 

 various subspecies , and can therefore be united under their .special name independently of the general distinctions of the sub- 

 species to which each individual belongs, or may be arranged with the respective local forms under their special name. 



*) The designation minor as a name for a classificatory unit (variety, subspecies) was in 1881 already preoccupied by 

 Staudinger for a form of discobolus; the same name proposee in 1892 by Rkb. & Rog. for a race of apollo must therefore be 

 rejected for this insect. 



