PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 25 



dulating l)and is veiy faint; vitreous margin of forewing broad, deepljf scalloped, submarginal band narrow, 

 strongly dentate, the ground-colour between this band and the vitreous margin separated into halfmoon- 

 shaped spots. ? likewise with broad vitreous margin to the forewing, and strongly marked blackish vitreous 

 sulnnarginal halfmoons to the hindwing. — nevadensis Oberth. is the name of a form from the Sierra Nevada nevadensis. 

 (Southern Spain) and the Eastern Pyrenees (?). Of medium size; ocelli said to be always yellow. No other 

 characters mentioned. — bartholomaeus Sfkh. (o' 12c, ? 12d) from the Alps of Upper Bavaria (environs bartholo- 

 of Berchtesgaden , Konigssee), in .July, is a sharply detined race. In size below the average of the other ""'^'«- 

 Central European forms; forewing more rounded; ground-colour pure white; costal spots situated beyond 

 cell often enlarged, band-like and merged together, distal margin broadly vitreous, proximally of it a strongly 

 marked submarginal macular band, all the spots being heavy and broad; hindwing with small, rich deep 

 red ocelli, having sometimes a white pupil and being often distorted into a longitudinal shape, and mostly 

 with distinct submarginal blackish macular band and blackish vitreous margin. Markings of ? intensified, 

 especially the fuscous submarginal band of forewing broad, being separated from the broad vitreous margin only 

 by a row of small white spots, the surface of the wings being, moreover, irrorated with minute black dots 

 at the base and on the disc, the ground-colour therefore sometimes changed into a glossy grey -black. 

 — A similar form is brittingeri Beb. & Reg. from Styria (Schoberstein near Steyr) and Lower Austria biittingeri. 

 (St. Egyd a. Neuwald), also at Thiirnitz, Lilienfeld, occurring at altitudes from 1000 — 1200 m. In both sexes, 

 especially in ?, more or less coarsely irrorated with black, the marginal markings less conspicuous, almost 

 entirely wanting on the hindwing of o", the ocelli larger, more regularly rounded and more broadly white- 

 pupilled: expanse on an average larger than in bariholomaeus. There occur ?? which are almost entirely 

 washed with black, the white ground-colour appearing only here and there. — albus Reb. d- Hog. (12 e) has albus. 

 a pure white ground-colour; the & with little black shading and rather well-defined but narrow marginal 

 markings on the forewing. The ? on the other hand often blackened in strong contrast to the cP \ besides, 

 the form is of considerable size, the anterior ocelli of the hindwing frequently entirely red bordered with 

 black. Silesian-Moravian Gesenke ; Schneeberg near Glatz ; Bohemia. — carpathicus Reh. & Rog. is closely carpathicus. 

 allied to the preceding form. Wings very broad; ground-colour white, with a slight yellow tint, in the ? 

 usually darkened by a black dusting; all the black spots conspicuous and large; ocelli mostly regularly 

 rounded, with heavy black border, frequently without white pupil. Anal spots of hindwing usually quite 

 black. Occurring in typical specimens in the High Tatra , most likely also in the other chains of the Car- 

 pathian Mountains (Hungary). — bosniensis Stich. is similar; from Bosnia and Herzegowina; the ground-colour bosniensis. 

 somewhat yellowish, the submarginal band of forewing broader and larger, the spots however less strongly 

 marked. — A form in which the white colour is likewise predominant is liburniCUS Reb. & Rog. Wings libitniicus. 

 elongate; hindwing of a^ without marginal markings, the anal spots also being absent or vestigial, the black 

 spots of forewing conspicuous , but of small size. ? sometimes with blackish dusting on the disc of fore- 

 wing, also some shading along the distal edge. Croatian Velebit; said to extend northward as far as 

 the Tyrol, there intergrading with the ordinarj' Alpine iovm. geminioi. — sibiricus Ao/y/jh. (12 e) is the largest sibiriciis. 

 form of apollo, the cf being characteiized by comparativeh' large bright-red ocelli on a pure white ground. 

 ? contrasting strongly with the o^, being much darkened; an aberration especially remarkable in tliis respect, 

 with enlarged red ocelli and pale ochreous-tinged ground-colour of the wings, has received the name 

 ab. graslini Oberth. The habitat of the type-specimen of this form is not certain, but as other similarly g/'fl*/''"'. 

 developed specimens are known with certainty from the Altai Mts., it appears advisable to place the name here. 

 West Siberia, Fergana (Turkestan), Kuhlja, Altai and Ala-tau. — The Ural Mountains and the Caucasus har- 

 bour a similarly large form, which approaches the form apollo, and may be named \im\co\2i nom.nov. (for uralensis Umicola. 

 Oberth.*) (12b). The marginal markings as a rule more sharply defined, sometimes the wings slightly dusted 

 with blackish grey. The ?? which belong here are also distinguished by an abundant dusting of black, 

 by conspicuous markings, and large bright red, strongly black-bordered oceUi. — Habitually confounded with 

 >>ibericus or considered identical with it is hesebolus Nordm. (= var. transbaicalensis, mongohca Stgr. i. I.) Iiesebolus. 

 (i2b). On an average smaller; all the black spots of the forewing as well as. the ocelli of the hindwing 

 and the anal spots reduced, the latter often quite vestigial. ? as a rule less dark than in the preceding 

 forms, though also here occur specimens with blackish dusting and enlarged ocelli. Northern Mongolia 

 (Kentei), Transbaicalia, northward as far as the Wiljui district, in July- August, also west of Lake Baikal (Irkutsk). 

 Of individual aberrations not restricted to a definite subspecies the following are to be recorded: ab. 

 nigricans Caradja (t3b), a name for specially strongly melanistic ??; this darkening occurs often in connection nigricans. 

 with a pale ochreous tint of the white ground-colour. — On the other hand, ?? with specially light colour, 

 having the aspect of d'cf, are to be designated as ab. inversa Auf:t. — ab. pseudonomion Christ. (12 b) inversa. 

 has a red pupil in one or both costal spots situated bejond the cell of forewing, and as a rule also in the pseudo- 

 hindmarginal spot. — In ab. albosignata Schultz the costal spots have white centres. — The rare specimens "°'"'°"- 

 in which the cell -spots are connected with one another by black dusting forming a kind of bridge are 

 named ab. cohaerens Schultz. — However, if there is a band between the costal spots situated beyond the cohaerens. 

 cell and the hindmarginal spot, we have to deal with a characteristic quite independent of the preceding 



*) Tlie name uralensis was already in 1859 given to a form of delius; as l)oth forms are to be considered as classifi- 

 catory units (subspecies), it is necessary to substitute here a new name. 



