PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 27 



ing to the figure. Antenna black ; pouch of ?, as far as its shape can be made out from the figure, similar 

 to that of P. apollo, but the carina narrower, the distal lobe shorter and more obtuse. Northern China, 

 between Peking and Jehol. — honrathi Sfc/r. (= corybas Erxch., nee Fisch.) (13 d) is a better known form, lionrathi. 

 which bears a very distant similarity to P. apolloniiis on account of the external spots of the forewing and 

 the basal one of the hindwing being filled in with red; differs, however, from that insect specifically in the 

 marginal pattern of the wings and would have to be placed near discobolus, if there did not exist in this 

 and the two otjier forms here dealt with a certain homology in the total of the characters; as sjiecial dis- 

 tinctions tlie black venter, legs and antenna are mentioned, the fringes being chequered black and white 

 or entirely black. Sarafshan (Hazret Sultan Mts., south of Samarkand), 2000 — 2500 m, in July, in the Pamir 

 eastwards as far the meridian near Farab, westwards extending to the crest of the mountain-chain of Darvaz, 

 at similar altitudes. — In unmistakable relationship with this form stands dux Stgr. (= princeps Gr.-Orsh., dux. 

 nee Horn:), from Bokhara between Katta- and Kitchi-Kuramuk, occurring at an altitude of about 2300 m, 

 in June; this form agrees in the forewing almost exactly with the preceding, except that the submarginal 

 band is rather more sharply dentate and the vitreous margin partly interrupted by whitish streaks which 

 project towards the margin. Hindwing likewise with basal spot, which is yellowish red like the ocelli; the 

 latter without white pupil; marginal band obsolescent, the submarginal band on the contrary modified to 

 sharply defined black wedge-shaped spots or halfmoons, a character which is especially conspicuous on the 

 underside and reminds one somewhat of P. apollonius; the ocelli below with reddish white centre, anal and 

 basal spots of hindwing bright red, the latter very large, the third spot, which is absent or vestigial in the 

 previous form, occupies nearly half the cell, all with only thin blackish borders. Antenna black; fringes 

 white, chequered with black. 



P. apollonius Eversm. (13e) is recognizable especially by the sharply defined black submarginal apollonius. 

 spots of both wings; moreover, in & there is hardly a distinct greyish vitreous marginal band, the edge 

 being however a little more sparsely scaled with white than the disc and only anteriorly shaded with grey. 

 Arrangement of spots as in the allied species; 3 costal spots beyond the cell, the central one being usually 

 vestigial, the proximal or the distal one or both centred with red, the hindmarginal spot rarely quite black. 

 Hindwing with red basal spot; the abdominal area deep black, anal spots present; on the underside 3 red 

 basal spots, one of them situated behind the cell, being much more distal than the others and more feebly 

 marked. ? washed with blackish grey, almost transparent , costal and hindmarginal spots of forewing more 

 broadly filled in with red; hindwing without black abdominal area, being here only dusted with black as 

 on disc. Antenna and abdomen black above, the latter sparsely clothed with white hairs. Sarafshan, Fer- 

 gana (July), Transalai, Tianshan (Kuldja, in May), Dsungaria, at moderate altitudes. — Larva black, velvety, 

 with two bright red spots on each segment; feeds on Scabiosa in Ma\-, the butterfly usually emerging in 

 June. There occur specimens of this butterflj' with yellow instead of red centres to the ocelli : ab. flavo- flavo- 

 maculata Amt. Also individuals with reduced ocelli, the centres of which are not light in colour; these maculata. 

 are named ab. occaecata Sclmlfz. — A smaller, lighter coloured race, with smaller submarginal spots, is "^'^"^'^'^ "■ 

 alpinus Stgr. (= alta PfihT) (cf 13e, ? 14a); otherwise hardly different from the ordinarj- form. Northern alpinus. 

 Fergana , and Issj'k-kul. Similar s])ecimens , however , fly also within the district of the main fomi in the 

 Alai and Transkei Mts., where Gium-Grshimailo met with them at altitudes of from 1900 — 4800 m on 

 mountain-slopes which have the character of Steppe. Sometimes the submarginal spots of this variety are 

 obsolescent on both wings or entirely ajjsent, the name ab. albina Schii/fz being employed for such speci- albina. 

 mens, and ab. decolor being tiie designation for individuals in which all the spots of the forewing are decolor. 

 plain black. — From the Sarafshan Mts. (at the Sary Ob) a form has been described as daubi Frnhsi, in daubi. 

 which the ground-colour is lighter than in (ipolloiiiiis, and the submarginal spots broader, this being especiallj' 

 obvious in the hindwing of ?. Moreover, it is recognizable by the reduced black dusting of the basal portion of 

 the hindwing, and by the enlarged, more broadly white-centred oceUi; the ? characterized, besides, by the 

 darker colour of the underside of the hindwing. — Still larger than the preceding form is gloriosus Fnihst. glon'osus. 

 From the Alexander Mts. in Northern Turkestan. Ground-colour of cf purer white, the black submarginal 

 dots veiy heavy, the costal spots of forewing and the anal spots of hindwing enlarged, the ocelH very large, 

 darker red in colour, their black border twice as broad as in the other forms; the ? reminding one of 

 rilphiu.f, ceil of forewing and basal area of hindwing, however, densely scaled white, only the distal area being grey. 



P. nomion Fisch. (14b) is similar to P. apollo (jrminiis, but differs in the vitreous marginal band of nomion. 

 the forewing being broken up into elongate arched spots or lunules, and in the hindwing bearing dark 

 marginal and more sharply marked submarginal spots, the latter being developed to large vitreous half- 

 moons, especially on the underside. The hindwing above usually with red basal spot, the whole surface of 

 the wing above with a peculiar silky and below a greasy gloss. ? darker, more conspicuously mai'ked. 

 Shaft of antenna whitish, club black, abdomen whitish, except a small dorsal portion. In specimens which 



consisting of white scales, or rubb off these scales , the black shaft , originally of that colour in all cases , thus reappearing. 

 This may probably also explain the occurrence, for instance , of individuals of P. apollo with white-ringed antennae, such spec- 

 imens being usually considered hybrids between apollo and delitis, chiefly an account of that character. 



