28 PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 



agree with the figure of the name-type the costal and hindmarginal spots of the forewing are heavily centred 



with red. If specimens in which only the hindmarginal spot is centred-red, while all the other spots of the 



venusi. forewing are black, should be considered worth a name, ajj. venusi Schaiif. has to be employed for them; 



Virgo, when there is no red at all on the forewing, we have ab. virgo Schauf. (I4b), this being the commonest 



of the 3 forms mentioned. Siberia (Altai), Amurland, Alaska. — A race with a more dull white ground- 



mandschu- colour, more sharply maiked submarginal macular band and darker margin is described as mandschuriae 



'■'"^- Oberth. {= titan Fruhst.). In this form the ?, which corresponds to ab. rlrgu, bears in the forewing entirely 



black spots only: the ocelli of the hindwing are very large, vivid red, with narrow black border, usually 



without white centre; in the anal angle there are heavier black spots, which are filled in with red below. 



nominulus. Manchuria, Ussuri district (Sidemi, Sutchan). — A smaller form is characterized as nominulus Stgr. (14 a): 



wings more strongly dusted blackish, hindwing more intensely darkened behind cell, the marginal spots 



deeper in tint and largef, the oceU/ reduced. East Sajan. 



nomius. P. nomius Gi:-Grsh.{[4:C) gives one the impression of being a distinct species: smaller than iiomion, wings 



more rounded, ground-colour p.ure white, with sparser black dustiiig, costal and hindmarginal spots of fore- 

 wing heavily filled in with red, the. costal ones placed nearer the apex , submarginal band reduced ; ocelli 

 of hindwing strongly enlarged, with or without white pupil, the white portion of the posterior spot some- 

 times divided, anal spots strongly developed. Not all the specimens as extreme in characters as the one 

 figured. — Nanshan Mts. ; so.uth of the Kuku-nor (Amdo). 



discobolus. P. discobolus Aljih. {== tianschanica Oberth.) (cf 14b, ? 14a) is again a very inconstant species. 



The originally described form has a pure white or slightly yellowish ground-colour, sparsely irrorated with 

 blackish scales; costal spots of forewing with small red centres, hindmarginal spot very large, feebly dusted 

 with red internally; vitreous margin moderately broad, submarginal band not sharply defined. Hindwing 

 with deeply red-centred ocelli and feeble submarginal wedge-shaped spots. ? darker, more conspicuously 



nigricans, marked; strongly darkened specimens bear the name ab. nigricans Stgr. Commonly in the Tianshan Mts., 



in Sarafshan and Fergana, preferring localities with a profuse alpine vegetation, up to about 2300 m. — In 



minor, the Alatau (and Tabargatai ?) there flies a race of smaller average size, minor Stgr. (I4d); this is much 



dusted with greyish black in both sexes, the submarginal spots of hindwing are intensified, the ocelli often 



insignis. centred with white. — insignis Stgr. (14c) is distinguished by broader black spots, more sharply marked 



bands and enlarged deep red ocelli ; occurring in the northern districts of the area inhabited by the species, 



at the Issyk-kul, but also with similar as well as identical characters in the Alai Mountains and in Afghanistan 



superba. (Rochan). In the first locality intergrading with a form for which the name ab. superba Gr.-Grsh. (nee 



siiperbus lUlhl) may lie employed: o"^ darker, more densely powdered with black, all black spots intensified, 



especially the submarginal triangles of the hindwing, vitreous margin very broad, but the distal costal spots 



usually plain black, and not rarelj' connected \\ ith the hindmarginal spot b}- means of denser black shading. 



Occurs on inclines which are covered with species of Astragalus. — In the southern parts of the area , the 



Transalai, Pamir, at altitudes of from 2600 to 4000 m, there flies from June to August a form named 



romanovi. romanovi Gr.-Grsh. (14c). Ground-colour of wings j^ellowish white, in cf little darkened by fuscous dusting, 

 the distal costal spots of forewing enlarged, their number being sometimes increased to 4, broadly filled in 

 with red; submarginal wedge-shaped spots of hindwing also enlarged, in o^ isolated, in ? united to a broad 

 macular band; ocelli enlarged, completely filled in with red, or centred with white, the latter obtaining 

 connexa. especially in ?. The oceUi are not rarely connected with one another by a black bar: ab. connexa Schultz. 

 olympius. — olympius Stgr. (14 d) is larger, pure white, more or less abundantly irrorated with black scales. Wings 

 more elongate than in the other forms (too narrow in the figure, which is a reproduction of a water-colour 

 drawing taken from the name-type) ; submarginal band of both wings reduced , often represented only by 

 isolated irregular spots, the vitreous margin better defined, narrower, almost entirely obsolete in hindwing. 

 Costal spots of forewing usually centred with red ; ocelli of hindwing large , bright red , the posterior one 

 also on the upperside occasionally with white pupil. Occurs together with discobolus and transitional spec- 

 imens on the mountains of the Kurukdag (Korla). — All these forms of di.fcobolus are connected by inter- 

 mediate stages and transitions, even within the special habitat of each: it is therefore impossible to give a 

 definite geographical delimitation for the various varieties. 



actius. P. actius Eiersrn. (14d) can be recognized by the more elongate and a little more pointed forewing. 



Ground-colour usually pure white, more rai>ely slightly yellowish; vitreous margin of forewing narrow, as a 

 rule not reaching the posterior angle, or the edge itself posteriorly narrowly white: submarginal spots feebly 

 developed ; in cf usually only the anterior .costal spot centred with red , in ? both spots. The ? , besides, 

 somewhat duller, hindmarginal spot of forewing sometimes also marked with red, the submarginal markings 

 more strongly developed. Hindwing grey at the base in both sexes, onlj- in rare exceptional cases with a 

 red basal spot above. The original specimens wt. 3 said to have come from the southern foot-hills of the 

 Altai, this habitat being however doubtful; known with certainty from the Southern Alatau (near Kuldja) and 



caesar. Turkestan (Fergana, Namangan). — caesar (Gr.-Grsh.) Stgr. (— mouzaffar Gr.-Grsh.) (14 e) is of larger 



