PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 31 



?-pouch being similar to that of ciMiplius. In size equalling ((ctiun or rubicuiidus. Ground-colour pure white, 

 all the markings deep black. Submarginal band composed of strong, elongate, anteriorly almost arrowhead- 

 shaped wedge-spots, in the ? less conspicuous and continuous down to the hindmargin ; the dark vitreous margin 

 interrupted at the edge by small white spots. Costal spots all black or the anterior one centred with red. 

 Hindwing with red basal spot, a row of deep black halfmoons or wedge-shaped spots near the edge, the 

 margin profusely grey; ocelli strongly edged with black, the posterior one sometimes all black. On the 

 underside the red colour of the basal spots essentially reduced in favour of their black borders. North-East 

 Tibet: Amdo, Sining Mts. 



4. Hardwickii- Group. 



P. hardwickii (h-ai/ (15b) is again a very variable species. The name-typical form is here and hardwickii. 

 there somewhat dusted with black, and is more brightly and strongly marked than the light form here 

 iigured and usually treated as hardwickii by dealers. The costal spots are especially strongly developed, 

 three of them being centred-red, tlie hindmarginal spot being also filled in with deep red; the submarginal 

 band of forewing consists of a row of contiguous spots. Ocelli of hindwing proportionally large; the mar- 

 ginal spots strongly developed, shaded with blue and centred with white. — In ab. afer Frtihst. the ground a/er. 

 of the wings is more abundantly dusted with black, especially at the base and on the disc of the forewing, 

 as well as in the basal and hindmarginal areae of the hindwing; costal spots of forewing centred red and 

 the submarginal spots all intensified and contiguous. — ab. charino Kirbi/ {Graij MS.) is the darkest form, diarino. 

 In this the white ground-colour remains visible on the forewing only in the cell, on the hindwing here and 

 there on the disc and in the costal area. The distribution of red is variable, there occurring specimens as 

 in tlie name-typical form in which the costal and hindmarginal spots are abundantly filled in -svith red, but 

 also individuals with feebly red-centred spots and obsolete ocelli, sometimes also examples with yellowish 

 ocelli. — On the other hand, ab. albicans FruhM. , recorded from Sikkim (Lochung valley and Donkia pass albicans. 

 = about 4200 m), is a lighter form with reduced markings. All the bands and spots smaller, very little 

 red on forewing, the blue spots of hindwing reduced, the last ocellus without red, the anterior one with a 

 red dot only; the ? corresponding to this & is without any red spots above, there being below blackish 

 scaling in place of the red basal spots. — The most extreme albinistic development is represented by ab. 

 otos Fnihd., described from Kashmir. Smaller, the pattern very strongly reduced, partly diffuse, especially otos. 

 the abbreviated submarginal band of the forewing; red spots entirely absent from above. On the hindwing 

 only the anterior ocellus preserved but very small, the submarginal spots, however, rather intensely black, 

 without blue shading. — All these varieties appear to be seasonal or extreme individual forms. There occur 

 several broods according to the reports of English explorers.*) The spring-brood hibernates as pupa, but it 

 is stated that also single late buttertlies pass through the winter, reappearing in March and occurring with 

 the spring-form. The second brood flies in August and September, a few retarded specimens — those which 

 hibernate — have been observed in October, at which time also the larvae were found on « low plants*. 



According to F. Mooke (Lep. Ind.) the dry hot season extends in the Western Himalayas from April to 

 June; at the end of June the rainy season commences, lasting till the end of August; then follows a tran- 

 sitional period (end of hot season) with little rain, and in mid-November the cold season begins. We can 

 tlierefore distinguish: a) a dry-season form: Light pattern as in our figure, with the extreme aberrations 

 nlliirnrni and o/os; b) a rainy-season form : Dark pattern, the extreme form being ab. charino; c) a cold-season 

 (winter) form which is a retarded development of b) (therefore no new brood) , with transitional characters, 

 ab. a/rr belonging here. All three forms are connected by intergradations , so that there are no definite 

 lilies of separation. The ?$ are on the whole darker, being more abundantly marked with black and red 

 than the cTcf; they possess a bladder-like, whitish yellow pouch which is produced backwards, being later- 

 ally flattened, and pro\ided beneath with a longitudinal groove. The species is distributed all through the 

 Himalayas, reaching in the West, in Kashmir, the Palaearctic Region. 



P. przewalsitii Alph. is a similar species, being however specifically distinct on account of the dif- przewalskii. 

 ferent structure of the pouch of the ?. Smaller than a typical specimen of hardivirkii, with only slight dif- 

 ferences in the forewing, marginal band narrow, ending in an acute point at hinder angle, the submarginal 

 band appearing as far as hindmargin as a narrow tapering stripe shaded with black, the band broken step- 

 like at 3. subcostal, in the cT strongly incurved in middle, in ? on the whole broader and more even. 

 Beyond the cell 2 costal spots, centred with deep red like the hindmarginal spot, on the disc blackish shad- 

 ing. Hindwing with large red basal spot , two large broadly red ocelli , between which there is a black 

 diffuse streak, there being another small black spot between the anterior ocellus and the basal spot; the 

 blackish posterior area projecting tooth-like at apex of cell, sometimes (in ?) the cell completely encircled; 

 from the posterior ocellus extends forward and backward a curved band of black spots; close to the margin 

 4 black spots filled in with blue, the anterior one sometimes plain black. Underside Hke upper, but paler, 

 the anal spots filled in with pale red , the ground of wings brownish. Pouch of ? whitish , encircling the 



*) Lang, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865. p. 488; Graham Young, ibid. 1866. p. 38. 



