PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichei- 35 



short costal band , submarginal band broad , anteriorly more strongly marked , separated from the limpid 

 marginal band only by a series of white halfmoons. Hindwing with large ocelli, abundantly filled in with 

 white, and two large anal spots shaded with blue, a shadowy band extending from the latter forward ; at the 

 base sometimes traces of a red spot. Somewhat variable; the red scaling of the ocelli sometimes replaced 

 by orange, the spots occasionally entirely filled in with red, being isolated, or connected by a black bar, the 

 blue spots sometimes 3 or 4 in number. The ? mostly more abundantly dusted with black than cf. West 

 China: Ta-tsien-lu. — Of nearly the same size is supremus Fruh^it. Ground-colour pure white, spots oi supremus. 

 forewing strongly enlarged; ocelli of hindwing larger and lighter red; anal spots likewise larger, filled in 

 with light-blue, submarginal band much feebler, at base a conspicuous red spot as in imperairix. Under- 

 side of hindwing more abundantly red, there being, besides the basal spot, two elongate red diffuse dashes 

 near the base, otherwise like the name-typical form. Habitat not certain, probably Chin. Turkestan. — 

 musageta Gr.-Gvxh. (16d) is of nearly the same average size. Purer white, with narrower bands, the band- musageta. 

 hke black shading on disc of forewing coimecting the costal and hindmarginal spots faint or absent. Hind- 

 wing occasionally mtli red basal spot. Amdo (Sining), on the River Ghuanche. — imperatrix Aliili. is mperatnx. 

 somewhat smaller , but more profusely and sharply marked with black. Nanshan (Humboldt Mts.) , about 

 3000 m, June-July. Ground-colour slightly yellowish, almost without black dusting; on forewing the hind- 

 marginal spot considerably intensified , deeply black , entirely isolated. Hindwing always with very con- 

 spicuous red basal spot; ocelli large, bright carmine, usually without white; submarginal band broad and 

 sharply defined, posteriorly continued by 3 distinctly marked round black spots, the last 2 being less shaded 

 with blue. — The smallest form is venustus Stick, (forewing 32 mm). Ground-colour white, submarginal band of venustus. 

 forewing narrow, dentate, the anterior portion standing nearer the margin, costal spots connected with the hind- 

 marginal spot by means of dense, black, posteriorly dilated shading; ocelli of hindwing yellowish red (? in- 

 dividually), the posterior one \vith white pupil, basal spot only feebly shining through, anal spots hght blue 

 inside, submarginal band feebly grey, very thin, several times angulate. Samarkand (Sarafshan). — A further 

 form of the species, migustus Fruhst., characterized especially by more strongly marked bands, flies outside 

 the Palaearctic Region on the frontier of Sikkim and Tibet. — Pouch of ? of all forms very similar to that 

 of delpliiiis, only more robust, darker, below sledge-shaped, posteriorly produced into two pointed lobes. 



P. charltonius 6'ra// has slenderer wings; from the North -Western Himalayas, the name -typical charltoniu 

 form from Kashmir (Ladak); distinguished from the following form especially by the short costal band of 

 forewing I)eing united with the hindmarginal spot by means of a strongly angulate, distinct, grey shadow- 

 band. — This connection is absent from princeps Honr. (16e), or is only faintly indicated. The ocelli of princeps. 

 hindwing often more strongly developed, the posterior one sometimes forming a real chain with the red-centred 

 anal spots, and bearing mostly a red dot in its anterior portion, the costal ocellus entirely red, sometimes 

 angulose. Pouch of ? large, heliciform. South Fergana (Transalai), Pamir. — The species is rather con- 

 stant in the general characters of the pattern, only one conspicuous aberration has been recorded (Gr.-Grsh.), 

 with almost obsolete markings of the forewing and a black dot in place of the whole row of red spots on 

 the hindwing. It is stated of the name- typical form that it flies at altitudes of 4500 to 5000 m, « swimming 

 very fast and close to the ground in a zigzag course, as if beating the ground like a hen harrier beating 

 a meadow » (Lang). The ?? descend apparently for ovipositing to the meadows lying at lesser altitudes, 

 because the usual abodes of these insects are still covered with snow at the period of the first stages of the 

 metamorphosis. Leech observed in the Norfli-West Himalayas both sexes in numbers together on rough 

 grassy inclines close to the snow-line, while he met only with single?? in the warmer valleys, some thous- 

 and feet lower down. He states further that the flight is rapid and continual, the insect being only caught 

 without difficulty when it sits resting on the rocks. 



In structure and aspect P. loxias Piing. (16d) stands in very close relationship to the preceding loxias. 

 species, being the last of the series of Parna^sius known. Of lesser size than charlfoniiis ; forewing of cf 

 with only a narrow and indistinct costal halfband, the submarginal band sharper, composed of long-horned 

 halfmoons; ocelli of hindwing reduzed in size, no anal spot. In ? the discal band of forewing prolonged, 

 but only narrowly and feebly shaded, submarginal band intensified; ocelli of hindwing larger, the marginal 

 band sharper, near anal angle a blackish shadow, occasioned especially by the black spots of underside 

 shining through, abdominal area more broadly black, the submarginal row of spots intensified. Only 3 spec- 

 imens known, from Chin. Turkestan, north of Aksu. 



Corrections and additions. 



Paniassius citrhiarius ab. umbrosa Stick, (p. 21) is identical with ab. melanochroa Peh. This name mela- 

 has priority (June 1906). nochroa. 



Of P. delius (p. 22) there have further been named : ab. hardwickii Kane , a form with 3 red dots hardwickU. 

 in the costal spots of the forewing. — ab. inornata Wkecl., has these spots plain black. — ab. nigrescens inomata. 

 Wheel., stronglj' melanistic ??. nigrescens. 



