PIERIS. By J. RSber. 45 



has moreover 2 large roundish black spots on disc and a diffuse streak-like spot at the hindmargin of the 

 forewing. Basal area of wings darkened by black dusting. Underside not diffei'ent from that of the d', 

 but many specimens bear an indistinct blackish spot at the apex of the hindwing. — The summer-form is 

 rather larger, and the underside of the hindwing mucli lighter yellow, being also less dusted with black; 

 the yellowish tint of the upperside of the hindwing, which is frequently found in the ?? of the spring- 

 form, appears to occur but rarel\- in the summer-form. Therefore a special name is justified, and we pro- 

 pose to call the summer-form lepidii. — There occurs, rarely, an aberration which is uniformly shaded with lepidii. 

 smoky grey (found near Paris and Dresden), named by OberthIir obscurata. — Distributed over the whole obscurata. 

 Palaearctic Region, with the exception of the high North and East Asia, in some places modified into local 

 forms, as follows: — chariclea titeph. ('20a), from the Azores (spring-form), is distinguished by the darkened diariclea. 

 underside of the hindwing. — catoleuca Riib. (19e), from Asia Minor (Taurus, Syria, etc.), is a summer- catoleuca. 

 form; larger, the black spots also larger and the underside of the hindwing much Ughter. — wollastoni wotlastoni. 

 Btlr. (19 e), from Madeira, but also occurring at Smyrna in March and April, is greenish grey on the 

 underside of the hindwing. — cheiranthi Hbn. (19 e), from the Canary Islands, is very large and the ? has cheiranthi. 

 larger, confluent, black spots, the upperside of the hindwing being yellowish; the underside of hindwing in 

 both sexes yellow with blackish atoms, the black spots of the underside of the forewing being very large 

 and confluent (cT ?). — Ottonis (new name for the pre-occu])ied name hrassicoides Sfip:), from Fergana, is ottonis. 

 the Central -Asiatic spring-form; the underside of the hindwing is strongly darkened and dusted with greenish 

 black. — ab. nigronotata Jachont. is dotted with black above in the centre of the forewing, being found nigronotata. 

 near Nishni-Novgorod in Ma\' and June. — Also a form with bright yellow upper- and underside has been 

 found (in Silesia): ab. lutea nor. — nepalensis Doubl. (19 e) is not restricted to India (Nepal), but occurs lutea. 

 also in Tibet; it is likewise a large form; the black markings are wider, and the hindwing beneath is nepalensis. 

 yellowish and dusted witli black. — The larva of brai^sicae is bluish green with black dots and yellow 

 dorsal and lateral stripes; the venter is grey with black dots, the head light grey with black dots and 

 black margin, the legs being somewhat paler than the underside of the body. The pupa is yellowish green 

 with black spots and dots; the head terminates in an obtuse process, and there are several small tubercles 

 on the back. The larvae feed on cabbage (Brassica), garden -cress (Lepidium), etc. The conical j-ellow 

 eggs are deposited in large numbers on the underside of the leaves. The larger percentage of the larvae 

 does not develop into butterflies, being infested by a parasite (Microgaster glomerafiis L.). the maggots of 

 which leave the full-grown caterpillar, pupating upon the same (so-called caterj^illar-eggs) ; a large percent- 

 age of the pupae is destroyed by another small Ichneumon-fly (Pteromalus puparum L.) , which does not 

 leave the empty pupa before spring; also some larger Ichneumons infest the larvae and pupae. The 

 caterpillars, as alreadj' mentioned, are not readily eaten by birds, being poisonous for them, which is 

 evident from fowls having died after being fed with such caterpillars. Appearing in 2 broods, in especially 

 warm years even in 3. 



P. deota Nich. {= roborowskii Alpli.) (20a), from Ladak, the Pamir highlands, the Issyk-kul, deota. 

 Lob-nor, etc., is somewhat smaller than bruAsicae, which it resembles. The black apical and distal marginal 

 area of the forewing is narrower, extending however to the lower median branch; in centre of wing a 

 small, linear, black spot or several dark spots; at the distal margin of hindwing there are black spots 

 separated by the white tips of the veins. Underside of forewing witli the apex and distal margin grey and 

 3 discal spots black; of hindwing strongly dusted with grey, bearing dark distal marginal spots and obso- 

 lescent dark discal ones. In ¥ all the black markings more stronglj' developed. 



P. canidia Spnrrm. (^ gliciria CV.) (20 b) occurs in the whole of China, Corea, Turkestan and the canidia. 

 Pamir as well as in India, on the islands of Hainan and Hongkong, the peninsula Kau-lung opposite Hongkong, 

 and on the Loo Choo Islands. A very variable butterfly, there occurring specimens which deviate much in 

 size as well as pattern. Therefore several forms have been distinguished: — claripennis Bfh:, a light daripennis. 

 form in which the grey dusting of the forewing above is reduced, the black discal spots being absent: the 

 hindwing beneath has the lower half of the cell and the space below the cell dusted with grey, and bears 

 a broad yellow costal spot. — sordida Btlr. on the other hand is the form which is much darkened in sordida. 

 consequence of the extension of the l)lack markings; the underside is strongly yellowish, with little grey 

 scaling, bearing an orange -yellow basal spot on the hindwing. — palaearctica >it(jf. (20 a), from Fergana palaearctica. 

 and Buchara, is a small, sparsely marked, form. 



P. krueperi Stgr. (20b) occurs in Greece, Asia Minor, Persia and other districts of Western Asia, kmeperi. 

 This species differs from its allies in possessing on the forewing a black subapical costal spot and several, 

 well separated, black distal marginal ones. In the summer-form, which is name-typical, the underside is 

 white with yellowish margins, while in the spring-form, vernalis Stgr. (20b), the larger proximal portion vernalis. 

 of the hindwing beneath is greenish grey. — The Central -Asiatic spring-form, verna Gr.-Grsh., is white w/-«fl. 



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