12 PAPILIO. — By Dr. A. Seitz. 



processes strongly developed, an obtuse, somewhat thorn-like process on thorax. — The butterflies have a 

 more heavy flight than P. machaon ; .ruthidiis appearing in May, frequenting floweiing sallows, while xiifliu-' 

 begins to fly in June. They are more common in the gardens of the towns than in the open country, pro- 

 bably on account of the habit of the Japanese and many Chinese to sourround the gardens with hedges of 

 Aegle sepiaria, where one observes the ?? flying incessantly up and down.*) The differences between the 

 spring and summer forms are most prominent in Siberia, while in the southern districts of the area inhabited 

 the broods are more similar to one another. The main time of appearance are July and August, when 

 xuthus is one of the commonest butterflies, for instance in the gardens of Tokio. 



P. machaon L. Yellow; forewing above with the base, two cell-bars, the veins and two ])ands black: 

 hindwing with orange anal ocellus. Inhabits the northern districts of the Old AVorld from Lapland, Nortiiern 

 Siberia and Kamtschatka southwards to the Oases of the Sahara, to North India and Japan, from Lisbon in 

 the west of the Palaearctic Region to Yokohama in the east. The species does not occur on the Canaries, 

 Madeira and the Azores, nor in Trii)olis and Eg^pt. The caterpillar is bluish green, banded with black, 

 dotted with red in the bands; sometimes black, with jellow spots. In June and again in the autumn on 

 Phellodendron (Geaesee) and Umbelliferae. Chrysalis green or brown, with rather broad frontal tubercles. 

 machaon. — The original machaon L. (6e) flies in Europe and Western Asia, being deeper yellow in the South, 

 paler in the North. The specimens of tlie first brood, emerging from hibernated pupae, are as a rule smaller 

 sphynis. than the summer individuals. — As al), sphyrus certain dealers sell specimens in which the black band of 

 the hindwing nearl\' touches the cell. However, the name s]ili//rii.i was given by HDbner to a figure (with- 

 out description) of which we reproduce here upper- and underside (6d). Since the figure of >p/ii/riis is only 

 in general appearance a httle darker than average European specimens, and since, further, the band of the 

 hindwing approaches the cell hardly more than in most individuals from southern German}-, it is advisable 

 to drop tlie name sply/ni-i altogether and to refer to those so-called splu/n<s under their proper name 

 asiatica. ab. asiatica Mt'nctr. This individual form (6b), which appears singly everjwhere in the central and northern 

 districts, is the predominant form in Morocco, Algiers and Tunis, and flies also in Syria and Persia, — ■ In 

 pallida, ab. pallida Tuff the ground-colour is unusually pale. — ab. aurantiaca Spft/er, which occurs among the 

 aitrantiaca. summer specimens, mostly in special localities, has a deep yellow ground-colour. **) — ab. niger Heipu- is a 

 niger. j^^jelanotic form, being completely or almost entirely black. — ab. saharae Obcrtli. is a small, pale summer 

 " form oceuring at Laghouat in Southern Algiers, while at Biskra (Eastern Algiers! there fly normal-sized spec- 

 hospitonides.\mens of the form asiafica Mmvfi: These have been named hospitonides by Ohnihiir, on account of the cater- 

 centralis. pillar being similar to that of P. Iiospifoii. — ab. centralis ,St((H(/. is a large form from Turkestan, in whicli 

 the black markings, especially the base of the forewing, are strongly dusted over with yellow; similar spec- 

 drusus. imens occur also in Europe, — ab, drusus Fiichs and ab. burdigalensis Triin. are transitional specimens 

 burdigalensis. between the usual type and ab, aicnudiara ; ab, marginalis Unhhc with reduced black bands, oblong sub- 

 margirialis. marginal spots on forewing and pale underside, as well as ab. nigrofasciata L'othke with reduced submarginal 

 jy^^^^^y spots and reduced orange red anal spot, are unimportant invidual ajjerrations: ab. watzkai Garb., suffusa 

 siiffusa. ^V'MI'-l ■, tenu\\\{\a.ta Spetujel , evittata Sj)e)i(/ef (deeper yellow, wilhout black submarginal band), elunala 

 temiivittata. Spengel (yellow submarginal spots merged together to a narrow band) are mostrosities : in ab. bipunctata 

 evittata. Eimi'r Ihere is a black dot behind the subcostal fork. This dot is present in many individuals — especially often 

 , • in British specimens — , and it was hardly necessarj* to give a separate name to such individuals. Nor do 



those specimens deserve a special name we think which have an orange -j'ellow spot at the apex of the 

 hamtschadalus. hindwing or reddish orange clouds on the underside. — kamtschadalus Alpltei: (6b) is a small, bright 

 yellow geographical form with narrow black bands from Kamtschatka, where machaon has only one brood; 

 sikkimensis. kamfschadaliis is not identical with the American machaon-form, aliaska Hcudd. — In sikklmensis Moore (=: asia- 

 tica Nicer.) the blue crescent of the anal ocellus is separated from the orange spot by a black crescent; Sikkim 

 montanus. and adjacent districts of Tii^et. — montanus Alpher. from the Koko-Nor comes very close to it. — Chinese 

 Hippocrates, specimens of machaon form a transition to the Japanese Hippocrates Feld. {— mikado Facjend), of which 

 the sunmier form is \%vy large, the black bands being much widened, especially in the ? (6b); the spring 

 specimens are much smaller, resembling European machaon, differing however in the black band of the 

 ladakensis. underside of the hindwing being much narrower in front of the tail, — ladakensis Moore (6e) is a short- 

 britannicus. tailed form from North Kashmir, — brltannicus Spent/ef in lift. (6d) is a broad-banded form which occurs in 

 England, where machaon is now restricted to the Fen districts of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, being 

 formerly more widelj- distributed, ***) 



*) Graeser obtained intermediate specimens from autumn pupae which emerged during very warm weather before the 

 winter set in; I obtained similar intergradations from .Ttithuhis pupae which I took with me to Hongkong, where they emerged 

 in November, — The specimens of the two seasonal forms are slightly but almost constantly different in the genitalia of the 

 d^(f, this being the only known case of seasonal forms showing any difference in these organs (Jordan). 



**) We draw attention to the fact that old specimens in collections often assume a deep yellow tint and therefore 

 resemble ab. aurantiaca. 



***) The exotic forms of P. machaon will lie dealt with in Parts II. and III. 



